Author: Perry Anderson File Type: pdf

Author: Bruce Masters File Type: pdf Masters explores the history of Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire and how their identities evolved over four hundred years. While early communities lived within the hierarchy of Muslim law, the nineteenth century witnessed radical change. In response to Western influences, conflict erupted between Muslims and Christians across the empire. This marked the beginning of tensions that informed the rhetoric of religious fundamentalism in the empires successor states throughout the twentieth century. Thus Masters negotiates the present through the past, contributing to our understanding of the contemporary Muslim world. **Review ...a thoughtful and thought-provoking book... American Historical Review This book reconfirms Bruce Masters as the preeminent expert in Ottoman-and-Arab history. The MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World is an excellent study of the history of the Arab Christians in Syria and the development of the Arab Catholic community in Aleppo under Ottoman rule. Bruce Masters, probably the most knowledgeable historian of Aleppo during this period, uses his experience and familiarity with the history to provide us with a penetrating analysis of one of the central features in the early modern history of the region. Middle East Journal Bruce Masterss work is a welcome addition to a growing number of monographs that bring to light hitherto neglected aspects of Ottoman history and the complexities of the human experience of the human experience that it represent. Masters book provides rich information...a commendable effort to draw as holistic and dynamic a picture as possible. Engin Deniz Akarli, Journal of Near Eastern Studies Book Description Explores the history of Christians and Jews in the Ottoman empire and how their identities evolved over four hundred years. Whi le early communities lived within the hierarchy of Muslim law, the nineteenth century witnessed radical change. In response to Western influences, conflict erupted between Muslims and Christians across the empire. This marked the beginning of tensions which informed the rhetoric of religious fundamentalism in the empires successor states throughout the twentieth century. Thus Masters negotiates the present through the past, contributing to our understanding of the contemporary Muslim world.

Author: Reed, Julie L.; File Type: pdf Well before the creation of the United States, the Cherokee people administered their own social policy--a form of what today might be called social welfare--based on matrilineal descent, egalitarian relations, kinship obligations, and communal landholding. The ethic of gadugi, or work coordinated for the social good, was at the heart of this system. Serving the Nation explores the role of such traditions in shaping the alternative social welfare system of the Cherokee Nation, as well as their influence on the U.S. governments social policies. Faced with removal and civil war in the early and mid-nineteenth century, the Cherokee Nation asserted its right to build institutions administered by Cherokee people, both as an affirmation of their national sovereignty and as a community imperative. The Cherokee Nation protected and defended key features of its traditional social service policy, extended social welfare protections to those deemed Cherokee according to citizenship laws, and modified its policies over time to continue fulfilling its peoples expectations. Julie L. Reed examines these policies alongside public health concerns, medical practices, and legislation defining care and education for orphans, the mentally ill, the differently abled, the incarcerated, the sick, and the poor. Changing federal and state policies and practices exacerbated divisions based on class, language, and education, and challenged the ability of Cherokees individually and collectively to meet the social welfare needs of their kin and communities. The Cherokee response led to more centralized national government solutions for upholding social welfare and justice, as well as to the continuation of older cultural norms. Offering insights gleaned from reconsidered and overlooked historical sources, this book enhances our understanding of the history and workings of social welfare policy and services, not only in the Cherokee Nation but also in the United States. Serving the Nation is published in cooperation with the William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies, Southern Methodist University.

Author: Ana Perne File Type: pdf