Credit goes to AltHype. --- Sources --- 1- Literacy In India: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India#The_British_Period 2 - Education Spending in India: https://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/cromer/e211_f07/chaudhary.pdf Indian Population Numbers used : 3 - For 0 to 1600: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History 4 - For 1600 to 1871: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56838/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Broadberry,%20S_India%20great%20divergence_Broadberry_India%20great%20divergence_2014.pdf - Table 1 5 - For 1871 to 1941: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India#Late_19th_century_to_early_20th_century 6- Steel Production in India: http://sci-hub.tw/10.1177/001946461004800104 7 - Twomey's Landmark work on Indian Textiles: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/25347/0000794.pdf?sequence=1 8 - Agricultural Imports to the UK 1896-1900: https://books.google.com/books?id=pDIaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=British+cotton+imports+by+country+1900&source=bl&ots=_8Y8co-0cv&sig=A9v859-RbaL2uCFCF3UWVsdFgUU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwi77Cq-ffAhWo0FQKHT3wAkMQ6AEwFnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false 9 - UN Balance of Trade Statistics: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/imts/Historical%20data%201900-1960.pdf 10 - Irrigation Data: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/ind/index.stm 11 - British Empire Revenue Data: https://www.ewoutfrankema.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Raising_Revenue.JGH_.2010.pdf 12 - India Tax Revenues and Expenditures: http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers2/Richards57.pdf 13 - Great Paper on Indian GDP per capita: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56838/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Broadberry,%20S_India%20great%20divergence_Broadberry_India%20great%20divergence_2014.pdf 14 - Historical GDP numbers used: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_by_past_GDP_(PPP)#1%E2%80%932008_(Maddison) (Also used to infer that Germany was 33.85% of Continental Western Europe's economy in 1900, and based on source 9's trade statistics, would make Germany the UK's largest export market assuming Germany bought UK goods in proportion to the size of their economy.) 15 - The more "colonized" by Europeans a country was, the better off it is: https://www.nber.org/papers/w18162.pdf https://www.nber.org/papers/w12546.pdf 16 - Cotton Imports to the UK: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1597&context=tsaconf http://sci-hub.tw/10.1017/S0022216X18000329 Measured either in terms of years under European control or the proportion of the population that is European. --- Interesting things I ended up not using --- https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/sbroadberry/wp/indiangdppre1870v2.pdf https://www.ewoutfrankema.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Raising_Revenue.JGH_.2010.pdf http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers2/Richards57.pdf https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1858/07/23.htm http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers2/Parthasar.pdf http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/broadberry-gupta.pdf