FOXO4 D-Retro-Inverso(DRI) peptide (TFA removed)
FOXO4-D-Retro-Inverso is a synthetic, slightly modified version of the standard FOXO4 protein. The modification prolongs half-life of the protein and allows it to interfere with normal FOXO4 function. FOXO4-DRI has been shown in research to prevent normal FOXO4 binding to p53, thereby allowing for elimination of senescent cells, improved organ function, and younger tissue “biological age.” FOXO4-DRI impacts insulin signaling, cell cycle regulation, and oxidative stress signaling pathways. FOXO4-DRI is a cell penetrating peptide shown to selectively induce apoptosis of senescent cells thereby reversing effects of aging in animal studies.
FOXO4 is a member of a larger group of genes that produce transcription factor proteins that are important in growth and differentiation. The FOXO4 protein is modified in normal biology by post-translational activities. These modifications alter the DNA binding affinity of FOXO4 and thus allow it to regulate a host of cellular pathways such as oxidative stress signaling, cellular senescence, apoptosis, insulin signaling, and the cell cycle itself. The FOXO4 protein is found in high quantities in placenta, ovaries, testes, fat cells, and adrenal glands
FOXO4 D-Retro-Inverso is identical to the protein product of the FOXO4 gene, but the normal L amino acids have been exchanged for D amino acids. The result is that FOXO4-DRI has reduced susceptibility to normal physiologic clearance mechanisms and thus remains in the body for longer periods of time. The modified protein is still capable, however, of affecting transcription and cellular pathways. In general, the FOXO4-DRI protein interferes with normal FOXO4 function
DRI-Retro Inverso Peptides Explained Retro-inverso peptides are linear peptides whose amino acid sequence is reversed and the α-center chirality of the amino acid subunits is inverted as well. Usually, these types of peptides are designed by including D-amino acids in the reverse sequence to help maintain side chain topology similar to that of the original L-amino acid peptide and make them more resistant to proteolytic degradation. Other reported synonyms for these peptides in the scientific literature are: Retro-Inverso Peptides, All-D-Retro Peptides, Retro-Enantio Peptides, Retro-Inverso Analogs, Retro-Inverso Analogues, Retro-Inverso Derivatives, and Retro-Inverso Isomers. D-amino acids represent conformational mirror images of natural L-amino acids occurring in natural proteins present in biological systems. Peptides that contain D-amino acids have advantages over peptides that just contain L-amino acids.
cas: 86890-79-1 benzodiazepines
CBNumber: CB91371199
Chemical Name: 7-bromo-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
Molecular Formula:
Formula Weight:
CAS No.: 86890-79-1
cas: 178557-21-6 2C-B-fly (hydrochloride) Desmethyl-8-bromo dragonfly hydrochloride
CBNumber: CB6947529
Chemical Name: 1-(8-Bromo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzodifuran-4-yl)-2-aminoethane hydrochloride
Molecular Formula: C12H14BrNO2.ClH
Formula Weight: 320.612
CAS No.: 178557-21-6
A dihydrodifuran analog of the Schedule I hallucinogen 2C-B, which acts as a partial agonist at the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor; intended for forensic and research purposes
cas: 137525-51-0 Pentadecapeptide BPC157 BPC-157 injection peptides
BPC 157 is a gut peptide and possesses free radical scavenging activity. This peptide stimulates nitric oxide synthase generation and therefore offers gastric cytoprotection. Unlike other peptides, BPC 157 is effective without a carrier. It participates in muscle healing and is used in the treatment of gastrocnemius muscle complex.
BPC 157 is a stable gastric pentadecapeptide that exhibit anti-ulcer and wounds/fistulas healing properties. BPC 157 reduces immediate and delayed damage induced brain trauma and improves nerve regeneration after transection. BPC 157 displays antianxiety and antidepressant effects. It appears that BPC 157 promotes proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells through activation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
BPC-157 is characterized as a gastric pentadecapeptide that is shown to have had positive effects on the efficiency and efficacy of various growth hormones as well as various other healing qualities in cases such as spinal cord injury and burn wounds.
BPC-157 Effects on Burn Healing
A study conducted by Mikus et. Al examined the effects that treatment with BPC-157 had on mice that had experienced burns. They were treated with either an injection of BPC-157 or with a topical application of the peptide.
Mice were put under anesthesia and were exposed to a flame for 5 seconds and given partial thickness skin burns over 20% of their bodies, either topical or intraperitoneal treatment with BPC-157 was administered immediately after the mice were burnt and every day thereafter until they were euthanized. For the intraperitoneal dosage 10 micrograms was administered to the rats and for the topical treatment a 50 microgram dosage mixed with 2 ml of water was applied to the burn.
Overall it was found that when treating the burns with either an intraperitoneal injection or a topical cream of BPC-157 there was far more healing that occurred than the mice that were treated with a vehicle. The study concluded that by treating burns with the peptide there was less edema and fewer inflammatory cells. Additionally it was found that there was less necrosis in the burned portion of the skin, an increased number of capillaries, and more follicles that were able to be preserved
BPC-157 Effects on Growth Hormone Receptors
In a separate study, the effect BPC-157 has on the healing processes of various types of tissues was examined. Chang et. Al used male Sprague-Dawley and supplemented them with BPC-157 and isolated tendon fibroblasts in the achilles tendon. The study concluded that in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, supplementation with BPC-157 greatly increased the up-regulation of growth hormone.
BPC-157 was given in doses of either 0, 0.1, 0.25, or 0.5 m
cas: 28910-89-6 Alprazolam USP Related Compound A
CBNumber: CB8761488
Chemical Name: 2-(2-ACETYLHYDRAZINO)-7-CHLORO-5-PHENYL-3H-1,4-BENZODIAZEPINE
Molecular Formula: C17H15ClN4O
Formula Weight: 326.78
CAS No.: 28910-89-6
cas: 168682-53-9 Ezatiostat
Molecular Formula: C27H35N3O6S
Formula Weight: 529.65
CAS No.: 168682-53-9
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are associated with significant morbidity due to ineffective hematopoiesis. Given the limited number of drugs approved by the FDA, there is a need for new therapeutic options. Ezatiostat is a novel agent targeting oxidative stress via inhibition of glutathione S-transferase
Ezatiostat (TLK199) [γ-glutamyl-S-(benzyl)cysteinyl-R-phenyl glycine diethyl ester] is an inhibitor of Glutathione S-transferase P1–1 (GSTπ). The drug is a peptidomimetic of GSH (glutathione), esterified to enhance cellular uptake and designed to bind to the “G-site” of GSTP1–1. Independent of catalysis inhibition, TLK199 also disrupts the protein:protein interaction site(s) between GSTP1–1 and JNK1. Telik Inc was developing TLK-199 for the potential prevention of myelosuppression in blood diseases, namely myelodysplastic syndrome.
Ezatiostat is a glutathione analog that acts as an inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase (GST) P1-1. TLK117, the active form of ezatiostat, inhibits GSTP1-1, resulting in phosphorylation of JNK, restoring JNK-mediated cellular proliferation and differentiation signaling pathways.