Hydrobromic acid is the bromine analogue of hydrochloric acid. While too expensive to use as much as hydrochloric acid, it's often used when the bromine element itself is needed. For example a major use is the synthesis of organobromine compounds like the ones we used in our grignard reactions.
To make it, we start with 400mL of water and add to it 250g of sodium bromide. Sodium bromide is available as a bromine source for swimming pools. To this we add 200mL of sulfuric acid, I got mine from drain opener.
The mixture is stirred until everything is dissolved and then cooled to freezing to crystallize out the byproduct sulfates and bisulfates.
The filtrate is then distilled until half the volume has been transferred and then allowed to cool. More crystals should crash out. This is filtered again and the filtrate is again distilled.
A quick video on titanium and passivation electrochemistry that makes it a bad anode if used without further treatment.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDZDRzMGa6c
We show how to make conductive silver ink.
1g of silver acetate is completely dissolved in 2.5mL of ammonium hydroxide (30%). 0.2mL of formic acid is added dropwise with stirring. Solution is then capped and allowed to stand for 12 hours. The solution is decanted and then pushed through a 0.2 micrometer pore syringe filter.
Draw it onto a surface and let it dry. Then heat it to 90 celsius to sinter it into solid silver.
Procedure taken from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja209267c
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBlqPS8boLI
We continue testing more catalysts for the sodium production reaction from magnesium and sodium hydroxide.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqNiSCdOPIs
What is the Temperature of "Hot Ice" Sodium Acetate?
We answer this question by measuring it with a digital thermocouple. The result is that Hot Ice actually gets warmer as it freezes.
This is because the freezing process in sodium acetate is exothermic, it generates heat. So it gets warmer when you initiate the freezing. And keeps generating heat until it's completely solid.
This property is exploited in reusable heat packs.
In this video we fail at making thermite from the gallium infused aluminum.
The objective was to see if the weak gallium infused aluminum could be used to make aluminum powder without going through the arduous filing step necessary for bulk aluminum. Turns out the gallium infused aluminum does crumble easily, especially with raised temperature, but doesn't become fine enough for thermite. Only filing bulk aluminum made it fine enough for thermite. Alternatively, just buying aluminum is usually the better option.
Another thing we tried was making gallium iron oxide thermite. Gallium has similar properties to aluminum so this wasn't a crazy idea. Turns out though gallium produces far too little energy to initiate a self-sustaining thermite reaction so that was a fail as well.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51pAZxuqpUY
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Magnetism on chemical reactions:
http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2009/pdf/8101x0019.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC393429/pdf/pnas00628-0308.pdf
http://web.stanford.edu/group/boxer/papers/paper26.pdf
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Bgnj_bgE9w
In this video we purify sulfuric acid again using distillation but improve our technique using a ceramic hotplate stirrer and PTFE tape to seal the joints.
I start by highlighting the inherent dangers associated with handling sulfuric acid and stress the importance of safety precautions, including wearing protective clothing and performing the procedure in a well-ventilated area or fume hood.
I explain why obtaining purified sulfuric acid is essential for certain chemistry experiments and discuss common sources of impure sulfuric acid, such as drain cleaner or battery acid. I then detail the equipment needed for the distillation process and share improvements I've made, like using a ceramic hotplate stirrer and PTFE pipe threading tape for sealing joints.
Throughout the video, I emphasize safety measures, such as using a containment bin to mitigate potential glassware failure and avoiding direct contact with boiling sulfuric acid. I provide tips for recognizing when pure sulfuric acid begins to distill over and explain the challenges of achieving concentrations higher than 98%.
Additionally, I address safety protocols for handling spills or accidents involving sulfuric acid, including neutralization procedures and the importance of protective gear. I also discuss the chemical properties of sulfuric acid and its various applications in chemistry.
Overall, this video serves as a comprehensive guide to safely purifying sulfuric acid for laboratory use while highlighting the risks involved and the precautions necessary to mitigate them.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Gb9rM9BJ8I
Glassware generously provided by http://www.alchemylabsupply.com/
Use the discount code "copper" for a 5% discount.
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In this video we make trimethyl orthoformate.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmUNTkP2nw0
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My old videos on sodium acetate trihydrate:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yxk3OZWq9Ls
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAwxhAP9mnc
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBtDp8E7RcU