Indestructible | Type 1 Technical (Toyota Land Cruiser 70 Series) Part 3
Like the Libyan Civil Wars, the Syrian Civil War and Yemeni Civil War were brought about by the Arab Spring movement. The Syrian Civil War in particular has fostered renewed Islamic terrorism that has spread throughout the world. Largely for that reason, the conflict has been covered far more extensively than any other conflict described in this article. The Syrian Civil War and the Yemeni Civil War are different to the other conflicts discussed in this article in that researching them poses the opposite problem than researching other conflicts does. Rather than a scarcity of information, there is an overabundance of information about these wars. Thanks to the pervasive use of social media, almost every skirmish is documented, and every vehicle photographed at least twice. The challenge is in correlating this information, which is spread out across hundreds of news outlets, observers, websites, and forums.
During the early development of the Panzer IV, no one involved in the program knew that this vehicle, designed to serve as a support Panzer, would become the Wehrmacht’s backbone for a good deal of the war. While today the Tiger and Panther are better known, the Panzer IV was produced in the greatest numbers and served on all fronts in many bloody engagements throughout the war.
The development of this tank began in the mid-thirties, leading to the first version being built, the Panzer IV Ausf. A. Being the first version, there was still a lot of space for improvement. The improvement of the Panzer IV Ausf. A version would eventually lead to the development of two nearly identical versions, the Ausf. B and C.
Article: https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/nazi_germany/Panzer_IV_AusfBC
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Information sources:
K. Hjermstad (2000), Panzer IV Squadron/Signal Publication.
T.L. Jentz and H.L. Doyle (1997) Panzer Tracts No.4 Panzerkampfwagen IV
D. Nešić, (2008), Naoružanje Drugog Svetsko Rata-Nemačka, Beograd
B, Perrett (2007) Panzerkampfwagen IV Medium Tank 1936-45, Osprey Publishing
P. Chamberlain and H. Doyle (1978) Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War Two – Revised Edition, Arms and Armor press.
Walter J. Spielberger (1993). Panzer IV and its Variants, Schiffer Publishing Ltd.
D. Doyle (2005). German military Vehicles, Krause Publications.
S.J. Zaloga (2011) Panzer IV vs. Char B1 Bis, Osprey publishing
A. Lüdeke (2007) Waffentechnik im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Parragon books.
H. Scheibert, Die Deutschen Panzer Des Zweiten Weltkriegs, Dörfler.
P. P. Battistelli (2007)Panzer Divisions: The Blitzkrieg Years 1939-40. Osprey Publishing
Image sources:
David Bocquelet
www.worldwarphotos.info
warspot.ru
Pinterest
world-war-2.wikia.org
theminiaturespage.com
www.onthewaymodels.com
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An article by Marko Pantelic
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Audio edited by Kraiger
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What happened in the last two weeks? The last two weeks have thankfully been quite quiet, as summer vacations have taken hold of the northern hemisphere. This doesn’t mean we have stopped publishing or working on articles, far from it, there has been a steady influx of new interesting pieces! We have also published two new Youtube videos, a modeling review of Airfix’s Cromwell model and a gaming review of Call of Duty!
The last bit of news is that we have lowered the price of our magazine to five dollars, which should make it all the more attractive for everyone! If you haven’t yet, check it out on Lulu.com!
We have a quick look at an AA report from North Africa, the first 'Pioneers of Armour' book, modeling news and the new Tank Crew Patch.
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Robert Macfie (Pioneers of Armour): https://www.amazon.com/Robert-Macfie-Pioneers-Armour-Andrew/dp/1729185363
Tank Encyclopedia Magazine Issue #02: http://www.lulu.com/shop/tank-encyclopedia/tank-encyclopedia-magazine-issue-2-july-2019/ebook/product-24182496.html
Tank Encyclopedia gaming news: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/games/
RO2001 Self-Propelled Gun: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar-uk-ro2001-spg/
Pudel & Felek – Polish Panthers in the Warsaw Uprising: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2-poland-pudelfelekl-polish-panthers-warsaw-uprising/
Type 1 Ho-Ha: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/jap/Type_1_Ho-Ha.php
RO2004 Light Tank: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar-uk-ro2004-light-tank/
Mannschaftstransportwagen Mannesmann-MULAG: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww1-germany-mannschaftstransportwagen-mannesmann-mulag/
Autoblindo T.L.37 ‘Autoprotetto S.37’: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2-italy-autoblindo-tl37-autoprotetto-s37/
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Video source: Historic Reels Channel
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Introduced in the 70’s, the Ratel was the first wheeled IFV in the world to enter service, and provided South Africa with a rugged design able to carry soldiers over vast distances and support them in areas traditional supply lines would be severely strained to reach. It is named after the honey badger, renowned for its strength and ferocity when cornered, reportedly even fighting off lions and hyenas.
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Article: https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/south_africa/ratel
Sources:
61 Mech Battalion Group Veterans Association. 2016. Ratel 20. Date of access: 22 Dec. 2016
Camp, S. & Heitman, H.R. 2014. Surviving the ride: A pictorial history of South African manufactured mine protected vehicles. Pinetown, South Africa: 30° South Publishers
Combat and Survival. 1991. Bush fighting with the Ratel: Volume 12. Westport, Connecticut: H.S. Stuttman Inc.
de Vries, R. 2013. Eye of the storm: Strength lies in mobility. Tyger Valley, South Africa: Naledi
Defence Web. 2016. SANDF projects. Date of access: 18 Nov. 2016
Heitman, H.R. 1988. Krygstuig van Suid-Afrika. Struik.
Litnet. 2013. “Krag lê in mobiliteit” – Roland de Vries gesels oor Eye of the Firestorm. Date of access: 18 Nov. 2016
SADF living history group. 2015. Ratel Infantry Fighting Vehicle. Date of access: 18 Nov. 2016
Savides A. 2016. Brig Gen (Ret) – Ratel development, history and application. Facebook correspondence. 5 Nov. 2016
Steenkamp, W. & Heitman, H.R. 2016. Mobility Conquers: The story of 61 mechanised battalion group 1978-2005. West Midlands: Helion & Company Limited
Van der Waag, I. 2015. A military history of modern South Africa. Jeppestown: Jonathan Ball Publishers
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An article by Dewald Venter
Script by ChromeCTD
Narrated by Alcazar
Sound edited by Noah and SoundArchitect
Edited by Aesop Khan
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Up until 1967, Brazil was dependent on foreign countries for armored vehicles. Throughout and in the aftermath of World War 2, Brazil would receive large numbers of cheap armored vehicles from the United States, including the M3 Stuart and the M4 Sherman. In fact, Brazil had not undertaken any tank design since 1932, and those had only been conversions of tractors and cars into armored vehicles during the revolutions of 1924, 1930 and 1932.
Between 1932 and 1958, the Brazilian Armed Forces created a solid basis of technical institutes from which it could educate technical and research personnel, which in turn helped the Brazilian automotive industry in developing their own automotive parts and helped in opening laboratories for the manufacturers. This basis eventually resulted in a mock-up of the VETE T-1 A-1 in 1958, and later, in 1965, a prototype of the very first Brazilian indigenously designed and built armored vehicle meant for serial production. The Brazilian armored vehicle industry was born.
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Article: https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/vete-t-1-a-1-cutia/
Sources:
Blindados no Brasil, Expedito Carlos Stephani Bastos, 2011
Cutia, Expedito Carlos Stephani Bastos, 19-5-2004: https://ecsbdefesa.com.br/cutia-a-primeira-tentativa-para-produzir-em-serie-um-blindado-de-lagartas-no-brasil/
Military Review - Professional Journal of the United States Army - Volume 46, July 1966
Recorte Jornal Matéria Caminhão Guerra Chevrolet Gmc Feb
http://www.lexicarbrasil.com.br/exercito/
http://www.lexicarbrasil.com.br/fnm/
https://www.chars-francais.net/2015/index.php/engins-blindes/chenillettes?task=view&id=858
http://www.cuorialfisti.com/Speciali/FNM.htm
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An article by Darren Hazes
Narrated by Stan Lucian
Sound Edited by Kraiger
edited by ya boy Jim Zawacki
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??After the Second World War, Sweden was in urgent need of modern tanks. Their current medium tank, the strv m/42, was horribly outdated, being armed with a short-barreled 75 mm gun. The Swedish military was certainly impressed by French AMX-13’s and considered buying them, but eventually they concluded that their armor was too weak to fulfill their needs, along with several other flaws pointed out by General Swedlund. The deal with the French was cut-off and the Swedes eventually decided to buy the British Centurion, which offered significantly better protection against nuclear weapons and conventional weapons.
However, the need for a light tank still persisted. Designing a completely new tank would take too long, around seven years, so instead the Swedes chose to reuse the chassis of the wartime strv m/42.
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https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/stridsvagn-m-74/
Sources:
www.ointres.se
www.ointres.se/sven_berge.htm
ftr.wot-news.com
tanks.mod16.org
tanks.mod16.org
the.shadock.free.fr
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An article by Milo van Loon
Script written by Turn
Narrated by Sosoniaru
Video Editing by @Battlehammer
Sound edited by Sosoniaru
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In the later years of the Second World War (‘The Great Patriotic War’ to the Soviets), there was a quest to develop a replacement for the IS-2 heavy tank. The development process resulted in the IS-6 (Object 252/Object 253) and IS-4 (Object 701). This program was as secret as it was ambitious, with two rival factories working on their designs in absolute secrecy in fear of leaking information to one another.
On paper, the IS-6 seemed superior to any Panzer in Germany’s arsenal at the time. However, due to its mechanical issues and overall poor performance, it lost to its competitor, the IS-4, which would go on to enter service in 1946. Despite this, a last ditch effort to revamp the IS-6 was made, with limited success. This renewed vehicle would become known as the Object 252 November improvement - more commonly known as the Object 252U.
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Article: https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/object-252-improved-object-252u/
Sources:
https://warspot.ru/2793-elektrostalin-6
https://warspot.net/9-object-257-the-first-is-7
http://www.tankarchives.ca/2019/03/modernization-on-paper.html
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An article by Pavel Alexe
Narrated by @TheEuropeanCanadian
Sound edited by Kraiger
Edited by ya boy Jim Zawacki
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What happened in the last two weeks? The biggest news of the last two weeks was the launch of the first issue of the Tank Encyclopedia magazine! It features seven yet-unpublished articles made by the Tank Encyclopedia team, along with specials from the archives, the modeling world, the Queensland Museum in Australia and our sister-website, Plane Encyclopedia.
We have a quick look at some archive document about what happens when an airplane gets a bit too acquainted with a High Explosive tank shell, the book 'The Tank War' by Mark Urban and news about World of Tanks.
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Tank Encyclopedia Magazine preview: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1xIaPbcxF7wYpayVCDaS2ylRXeSxVyMSL
'The Tank War' by Mark Urban: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Tank-War-British-Brothers-Regiments/dp/034900014X
Frontier Episode 4 for World of Tanks: https://worldoftanks.eu/en/news/general-news/frontline-episode-4/
Rayos and Ninas in El Salvadoran Service: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/rayos-and-ninas-in-el-salvadoran-service/
Frot-Turmel-Laffly Armoured Road Roller: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww1-france-frot-turrmel-laffly-armoured-road-roller/
Sturmpanzerwagen A7V 506 ‘Mephisto’: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww1-germany-sturmpanzerwagen-a7v-506-mephisto/
Williams’ Amphibious Vehicle: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2-us-williams-amphibious-vehicle/
USMC Improvised M4A2 Flail Tank: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2-us-usmc-improvised-m4a2-flail-tank/
Panzer Sfl. Ic.: http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2-germany-panzer-sfl-ic/
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Video source: Foxhound channel
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The AGM-114 ‘Hellfire’ missile was developed by the US Army specifically to counter modern Soviet main battle tanks in a potential clash of superpowers. Thankfully for all concerned, such a conflict did not erupt, the Cold War ending with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Nonetheless, the missile in service proved itself effective in combat and offered advantages over the TOW missile. The idea of a ground-launched version of the missile goes back to around 1980, even before the missile had been finished. It was not until 1991 that efforts were seriously made to use it within a project called Hellfire Ground Launched (HGL) coming in two types; Light (GLH-L) – mounted on an HMMWV, and Heavy (GLH-H) – mounted on a light armored vehicle such as the Bradley, LAV, or M113. It came to pass that only one of those options was pursued, the test mounting and fitting of the GLH-H turret on an M113, in this case, a repurposed M901 TOW version.
Read the full article: https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/m113-m901-glh-h-ground-launched-hellfire-heavy/
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Sources
Aberdeen Proving Ground. (1992). Ballisticians in War and Peace Volume III: A history of the United States Army Ballistic Research Laboratory 1977-1992. APG, Maryland, USA
AMCOM. Hellfire https://history.redstone.army.mil/miss-hellfire.html
Armada International. (1990). US Anti-Tank Missile Developments. Armada Internal February 1990.
Author’s notes from vehicle examination, June 2020 and July 2021
Dell, N. (1991). Laser-guided Hellfire Missile. United States Army Aviation Digest September/October 1991.
GAO. (2016). Defence Acquisitions. GAO-16-329SP
Hunnicutt, R. (2015). Bradley. Echo Point Press, USA
Lange, A. (1998). Getting the most from a lethal missile system. Armor Magazine January-February 1998.
Lockheed Martin. 17th June 2014. Lockheed Martin’s DAGR and Hellfire II missile score direct hits during ground-vehicle launch tests. Press Release https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2014-06-17-Lockheed-Martins-DAGR-And-HELLFIRE-II-Missiles-Score-Direct-Hits-During-Ground-Vehicle-Launch-Tests
Parsch, A. (2009). Directory of US Military Rockets and Missiles: AGM-114. http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-114.html
Roberts, D., & Capezzuto, R. (1998). Development, Test, and Integration of the AGM-114 Hellfire Missile System and FLIR/LASER on the H-60 Aircraft. Naval Air Systems Command, Maryland, USA
Thinkdefence.co.uk Vehicle Mounted Anti-Tank Missiles https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2014/07/vehicle-mounted-anti-tank-missiles/
Transue, J., & Hansult, C. (1990). The Balanced Technology Initiative, Annual Report to Congress. BTI, Virginia, USA
United States Army. (2012). Hellfire family of missiles. Weapon Systems 2012. Via https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/wsh2012/132.pdf
United States Army. (1980). The United States Army Logistics Center Historical Summary 1st October 1978 to 30th September 1979. US Army Logistics Center, Fort Lee, Virginia, USA
United States Department of Defense. (1987). Department of Defence Appropriations for 1988.
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An article by Andrew Hills
Script by ChromeCTD
Narrated by MochiMoon
Sound edited by MochiMoon
Video Edited by MagicCleaner
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After the so-called Tito-Stalin split that took place in 1948, the new Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA- Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija) found itself in a critical situation. It was impossible to acquire new modern military equipment. The JNA had been heavily dependent on Soviet military delivery and aid in armament and weapons, especially armored vehicles. On the other side, the Western countries were initially in a dilemma whether to help the new communist Yugoslavia or not. But, by the end of 1950, the side arguing in favor of providing military assistance to Yugoslavia had prevailed.
In the middle of 1951, a Yugoslav military delegation (led by General Koča Popović) visited the USA in order to achieve military cooperation between these two countries. These negotiations were successful and, on the 14th November 1951, an agreement for military aid was concluded (Military Assistance Pact). It was signed by Josip Broz Tito (Leader of Yugoslavia) and George Allen (American ambassador in Belgrade). With this contract, Yugoslavia was included in MDAP (Mutual Defence Aid Program).
Thanks to MDAP, the JNA received, during 1951-1958, plenty of military equipment, and armored vehicles, like the M36 Jackson, were amongst them.
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Article: https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar-yugoslavia-90mm-gmc-m36-jackson-in-yugoslavian-service/#:~:text=During%20its%20career%20in%20Yugoslavia,guns)%20of%20many%20infantry%20brigades.
Sources:
The illustrated guide to Tanks of the world, George Forty, Anness publishing 2005, 2007.
Naoružanje drugog svetsko rata-USA, Duško Nešić, Beograd 2008.
Modernizacija i intervencija, Jugoslovenske oklopne jedinice 1945-2006, Institut za savremenu istoriju, Beograd 2010.
Military Magazine ‘Arsenal’, Number 1-10, 2007.
Waffentechnik im Zeiten Weltrieg, Alexander Ludeke, Parragon books.
www.srpskioklop.paluba.info
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An article and script by Marko Pantelic
Narrated by Galahad
Edited by S.V.
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