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Yehawmilk, King of Byblos, Phoenician inscription; a king's devotion to his Goddess.
Inscription of Yehawmilk; King of Byblos, Phoenicia, Lebanon (450 BC)( KAI 10):
Phoenician inscription using the Hebrew Alphabet:
אנך יחומלך מלך גבל בנ יחרבעל בנ בנ ארמלך מלך גבל אש פעלתנ הרבת בעלת גבל ממלכת על גבל.וקרא אנך את רבתי בעלת גבל ושמע קל.ופעל אנך לרבתי בעלת גבל המזבח נחשת זנ אש 'בחצרה' ז והפתח חרצ זנ אש על פנ פתחי ז. והעפת חרצ אש בתכת אבנ אש על פתח חרצ זנ. והערפת זא ועמדה והכתרם אש עלהם ומשפנתה. פעל אנך יחומלך מלך גבל לרבתי בעלת גבל. כם אש קראת את רבתי בעלת גבל ושמע קל ופעל לי נעם. תברך בעלת גבל אית יחומלך מלך גבל ותחוו ותארך ימו ושנתו על גבל ך מלך צרק הא. ותתנ לא הרבת בעלת גבל חנ לענ אלנם ולענ עם ארצ ז. וחנ עם ארצ ז וחנ לענ כל ממלכת וכל אדמ אש יסף לפעל מלאכת עלת מזבח זנ, ועלת פתח חרצ זנ, ועלת ערפת זא. שם אנך יחומלך מלך גבל תשת אתך על מלאכת הא. ואם אבל תשת שם אתך, ואם תסר מלאכת זא ,ותסג את פתחי ז דל יסדה עלת מקם ז, ותגל מסתרו, תסרח הרבת בעלת גבל אית האדם הא וזרעו את פנ כל אלנ גבל.
Phoenician Inscription using the SBL Font:
ᵓNK YḤWMLK, MLK GBL, BN YḤRBᶜL BN BN ᵓRMLK MLK GBL, ᵓŠ PᶜLTN HRBT, BᶜLT GBL MMLKT ᶜL GBL. WQRᵓ ᵓNK ᵓT RBT, BᶜLT GBL, WŠMᶜ QL. WPᶜL ᵓNK LRBT, BᶜLT GBL HMZBḤ NḤŠT ZN, ᵓŠ BḤṢRH Z, WHPTḤ ḤRṢ ZN ᵓŠ ᶜL PN PTḤ ZN, WHᶜRPT Zᵓ, WᶜMDH, WHKTRM ᵓŠ ᶜLHM, WMSPNTH PᶜL ᵓNK YḤWMLK, MLK GBL, LRBTY BᶜLT GBL, WŠMᶜ QL WPᶜL LY NᶜM.
TBRK BᶜLT GBL, ᵓYT YḤWMILK, MLK GBL, WTḤWW, WTᵓRK YMW, WŠNTW, ᶜL GBL, K MLK ṢDQ Hᵓ. WTTN LW HRBT BᶜLT GBL, ḤN LᶜN ᵓLNM, WLᶜN ᶜM ᵓRṢ Z. WḤN ᶜM ᵓRṢ Z, WḤN LᶜN KL MMLKT, WKL ᵓDM, ᵓŠ YSP LPᶜL MLᵓKT, ᶜLT MZBḤ Z, WᶜLT PTḤ ḤRṢ ZN, WᶜLT ᶜRPT Zᵓ. ŠM ᵓNK, YḤWMLK, MLK GBL, TŠT ᵓTK, ᶜL MLᵓKT Hᵓ.
WᵓM ᵓBL TŠT ŠM ᵓTK. WᵓM TSR MLᵓKT Zᵓ, WTSG ᵓT PTḤY, DL YSDH, ᵓLT MQM Z WTGL MSTRW, TSRḤW HRBT BᶜLT GBL, ᵓYT HᵓDM Hᵓ, WZRᶜW, ᵓT PN KL ᵓLN GBL.
An English translation:
I am Yehawmilk, king of Byblos, the son of Yeharbaal, grandson of Urimilk, king of Byblos, whom the Lady Baalat of Byblos, made king of Byblos. I called upon my Lady, Baalat of Byblos and she heard my voice. For my Lady, Baalat of Byblos did I make that bronze altar there which is in this temple of hers here, and that gold engraving that is opposite this inscription of mine, and the gold winged solar disk that is perched on the stone pillar that is next to that gold engraving, and this portico with its columns and the capitals which are upon them and its roof. I Yehawmilk, king of Byblos, have made all these for my Lady Baalat of Byblos, as I called upon my Lady, Baalat of Byblos, and she heard my voice and treated my kindly. May the Lady, Baalat of Byblos, bless and preserve Yehawmilk, king of Byblos, and prolong his days and years as king of Byblos, for he is a righteous king. May the Lady, Baalat of Byblos, grant me favour on the part of the Gods and on the part of the people of this land, and may she grant favour to the people of this land. Whoever you may be, any royal person or any commoner who shall continue to do work on this altar there and on that gold engraving and on that portico, you shall place my name-Yehawmilk, king of Byblos- with yours on the aforementioned work. If you do not place my name with yours, on it, or if you remove that work or if you move this inscription of mine here and its base from this spot and reveal its hiding-place, the Lady Baalat of Byblos shall make stink the aforementioned person and his offspring before all the Gods of Byblos.
This stele of Yehawmilk is preserved in the museum of the Louvre, Paris, France. http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225281&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225281&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500787&bmLocale=en
This inscription is a witness to another core value of the Phoenician culture which is the profound religiosity of people and kings. The Phoenician Pagan religion occupied a central role in the life of every Phoenician. Phoenicians like all human beings of our species- Homo sapiens that I would call instead Homo relgiosus, and therefore upset all atheists on YouTube- believed in something greater than themselves and this inscription is a strong witness to that.
Thank you for seeing this video. May God Bless you all!
References :
1- Les inscriptions Phéniciennes et leur style, Fady Stéphan, publications de l’Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Liban 1985.
2- A Phoenician-Punic Grammar, Charles R. Krahmalkov, Brill, 2001.
3- Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume III, Phoenician Inscriptions. J. Gibson. Oxford University Press, 2002.
4- Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, Charles R. Krahhmalkov, Peeters, Orientalia Lovaniensia, Studia Phoenicia XV, Leuven 2000.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bpc2oGBdkU
Phoenician inscription using the Hebrew Alphabet:
אנך יחומלך מלך גבל בנ יחרבעל בנ בנ ארמלך מלך גבל אש פעלתנ הרבת בעלת גבל ממלכת על גבל.וקרא אנך את רבתי בעלת גבל ושמע קל.ופעל אנך לרבתי בעלת גבל המזבח נחשת זנ אש 'בחצרה' ז והפתח חרצ זנ אש על פנ פתחי ז. והעפת חרצ אש בתכת אבנ אש על פתח חרצ זנ. והערפת זא ועמדה והכתרם אש עלהם ומשפנתה. פעל אנך יחומלך מלך גבל לרבתי בעלת גבל. כם אש קראת את רבתי בעלת גבל ושמע קל ופעל לי נעם. תברך בעלת גבל אית יחומלך מלך גבל ותחוו ותארך ימו ושנתו על גבל ך מלך צרק הא. ותתנ לא הרבת בעלת גבל חנ לענ אלנם ולענ עם ארצ ז. וחנ עם ארצ ז וחנ לענ כל ממלכת וכל אדמ אש יסף לפעל מלאכת עלת מזבח זנ, ועלת פתח חרצ זנ, ועלת ערפת זא. שם אנך יחומלך מלך גבל תשת אתך על מלאכת הא. ואם אבל תשת שם אתך, ואם תסר מלאכת זא ,ותסג את פתחי ז דל יסדה עלת מקם ז, ותגל מסתרו, תסרח הרבת בעלת גבל אית האדם הא וזרעו את פנ כל אלנ גבל.
Phoenician Inscription using the SBL Font:
ᵓNK YḤWMLK, MLK GBL, BN YḤRBᶜL BN BN ᵓRMLK MLK GBL, ᵓŠ PᶜLTN HRBT, BᶜLT GBL MMLKT ᶜL GBL. WQRᵓ ᵓNK ᵓT RBT, BᶜLT GBL, WŠMᶜ QL. WPᶜL ᵓNK LRBT, BᶜLT GBL HMZBḤ NḤŠT ZN, ᵓŠ BḤṢRH Z, WHPTḤ ḤRṢ ZN ᵓŠ ᶜL PN PTḤ ZN, WHᶜRPT Zᵓ, WᶜMDH, WHKTRM ᵓŠ ᶜLHM, WMSPNTH PᶜL ᵓNK YḤWMLK, MLK GBL, LRBTY BᶜLT GBL, WŠMᶜ QL WPᶜL LY NᶜM.
TBRK BᶜLT GBL, ᵓYT YḤWMILK, MLK GBL, WTḤWW, WTᵓRK YMW, WŠNTW, ᶜL GBL, K MLK ṢDQ Hᵓ. WTTN LW HRBT BᶜLT GBL, ḤN LᶜN ᵓLNM, WLᶜN ᶜM ᵓRṢ Z. WḤN ᶜM ᵓRṢ Z, WḤN LᶜN KL MMLKT, WKL ᵓDM, ᵓŠ YSP LPᶜL MLᵓKT, ᶜLT MZBḤ Z, WᶜLT PTḤ ḤRṢ ZN, WᶜLT ᶜRPT Zᵓ. ŠM ᵓNK, YḤWMLK, MLK GBL, TŠT ᵓTK, ᶜL MLᵓKT Hᵓ.
WᵓM ᵓBL TŠT ŠM ᵓTK. WᵓM TSR MLᵓKT Zᵓ, WTSG ᵓT PTḤY, DL YSDH, ᵓLT MQM Z WTGL MSTRW, TSRḤW HRBT BᶜLT GBL, ᵓYT HᵓDM Hᵓ, WZRᶜW, ᵓT PN KL ᵓLN GBL.
An English translation:
I am Yehawmilk, king of Byblos, the son of Yeharbaal, grandson of Urimilk, king of Byblos, whom the Lady Baalat of Byblos, made king of Byblos. I called upon my Lady, Baalat of Byblos and she heard my voice. For my Lady, Baalat of Byblos did I make that bronze altar there which is in this temple of hers here, and that gold engraving that is opposite this inscription of mine, and the gold winged solar disk that is perched on the stone pillar that is next to that gold engraving, and this portico with its columns and the capitals which are upon them and its roof. I Yehawmilk, king of Byblos, have made all these for my Lady Baalat of Byblos, as I called upon my Lady, Baalat of Byblos, and she heard my voice and treated my kindly. May the Lady, Baalat of Byblos, bless and preserve Yehawmilk, king of Byblos, and prolong his days and years as king of Byblos, for he is a righteous king. May the Lady, Baalat of Byblos, grant me favour on the part of the Gods and on the part of the people of this land, and may she grant favour to the people of this land. Whoever you may be, any royal person or any commoner who shall continue to do work on this altar there and on that gold engraving and on that portico, you shall place my name-Yehawmilk, king of Byblos- with yours on the aforementioned work. If you do not place my name with yours, on it, or if you remove that work or if you move this inscription of mine here and its base from this spot and reveal its hiding-place, the Lady Baalat of Byblos shall make stink the aforementioned person and his offspring before all the Gods of Byblos.
This stele of Yehawmilk is preserved in the museum of the Louvre, Paris, France. http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225281&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225281&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500787&bmLocale=en
This inscription is a witness to another core value of the Phoenician culture which is the profound religiosity of people and kings. The Phoenician Pagan religion occupied a central role in the life of every Phoenician. Phoenicians like all human beings of our species- Homo sapiens that I would call instead Homo relgiosus, and therefore upset all atheists on YouTube- believed in something greater than themselves and this inscription is a strong witness to that.
Thank you for seeing this video. May God Bless you all!
References :
1- Les inscriptions Phéniciennes et leur style, Fady Stéphan, publications de l’Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Liban 1985.
2- A Phoenician-Punic Grammar, Charles R. Krahmalkov, Brill, 2001.
3- Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume III, Phoenician Inscriptions. J. Gibson. Oxford University Press, 2002.
4- Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, Charles R. Krahhmalkov, Peeters, Orientalia Lovaniensia, Studia Phoenicia XV, Leuven 2000.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bpc2oGBdkU
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king-eshmunazar,-phoenician-inscription
King Eshmunazar II Phoenician Inscription, Sidon, first quarter of 5th century BC (KAI 14):
English translation:
In the month of Bul, in the fourteenth year of the reign of king Eshmunazar, king of the Sidonians, son of king Tabnit, king of the Sidonians. This is the statement of king Eshmunazar, king of the Sidonians: I was snatched away before my appointed time, the son of a few years, like a child sacrificial victim, an orphan, the son of a widow. And I lie in this coffin and in this grave, in the place which I built. Whoever you may be; any king or any commoner, do not open up this resting place or seek anything in it, because they did not put anything in it, and let no one lift up my coffin in which I lie or carry me away from this resting place to another resting place.
Even if people urge you, do not listen to their words. As for any person of royal descent or any commoner who shall open this resting place or who shall carry off the coffin in which I rest or who shall carry me out from this resting place, they shall have no rest in the world of the dead and they shall not be buried in a tomb and they shall have no son or descendants but may the holy gods lock them up together with whichever mighty king is ruling them. So that they both are cut off; that ruler or that commoner who opens up over this resting place or who lifts up this coffin. And the descendants of that king or those commoners, they shall not have root below, or fruit above, or an appearance among those living under the sun.
For I am to be pitied; I have been snatched away before my appointed time, the son of few years, a smitten one, an orphan, the son of a widow. Yet I Eshmunazar, king of the Sidonians, son of king Tabnit, king of the Sidonians, grandson of king Eshmunazar, king of the Sidonians. And my mother is Amashtarte, priestess of Ashtarte, our Lady, the queen, daughter of king Eshmunazar, king of the Sidonians.
It was we who built the houses of the gods; the house of Ashtarte in Sidon Land-of -the-Sea, placed Ashtarte there and glorified her. It was we who also built a house for the holy Eshmun-shd at the spring of YDLL in the mountain , placed him there and glorified him. It was we who built temples for the gods of Sidonians, in Sidon --Land --of-the Sea; a temple for Baal Sidon and a temple for Ashtarte-Name-of -Baal.
Furthermore, the lord of the kings ceded to us Dor and Joppa, the rich grain lands of the Plain of Sharon, as a reward for the striking deeds which I accomplished, and we annexed them to the borders of the land, so that they may belong to the Sidonians forever.
Whoever you may be a King or a commoner you shall not open up what is over me, or uncover what is over me, or carry me away from this resting place, or lift up the coffin in which I lie, lest the holy gods deliver them up, so that both that king and those commoners and their descendants are cut off forever!
The famous sarcophagus of King Eshmunazar II was unearthed in the necropolis of the city of Sidon in South Lebanon in the year 1855 and is now preserved in the Louvre museum in Paris. For more information please use the link below;
http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225321&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225321&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500787&bmLocale=en
Thank you for watching this video. God Bless!
References :
1- Les inscriptions Phéniciennes et leur style, Fady Stéphan, publications de l’Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Liban 1985.
2- A Phoenician-Punic Grammar, Charles R. Krahmalkov, Brill, 2001.
3- Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume III, Phoenician Inscriptions. J. Gibson. Oxford University Press, 2002.
4- Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, Charles R. Krahhmalkov, Peeters, Orientalia Lovaniensia, Studia Phoenicia XV, Leuven 2000.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZVurDKNM4g
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king-ahiram's-sarcophagus-phoenician
A 3100 -year -old inscription read by me as close as possible to how it was read then by my ancestors the Phoenicians. I have also added a French and an English translation. This was the first significant Phoenician inscription to be written in the newly invented Phoenician alphabet that was the mother of almost all known alphabets today.(KAI 1)
Phoenician inscription using Hebrew alphabet (KAI-1):
ארן ז פצל אתבצל בן אחרם מלך גבל לאחרם אבה כ שחה בצלם
ואל מלך במלכם וסכנ בסכנם ותמא מחנת צלי גבל ויגל ארנ זן תחתסף חטר משפתה תחתפך כסא מלכה ונחת תברח צל גבל והא ימח ספרה לפף שבל
Ahiram Inscription (KAI 1) Byblos circa 1000 BC. Transliterated into the SBL font.
ᵓRN. Z PᶜL. ᵓTBᶜL. BN ᵓḤRM. MLK GBL. LᵓḤRM. ᵓBH. K ŠTH. BᶜLM. WᵓL. MLK. BMLKM.WSKN. BSKNM. WTMᵓ. MḤNT. ᶜLY. GBL. WYGL. ᵓRN. ZN. TḤTSP. ḤṬR. MŠPṬH. THTPK. KSᵓ. MLKH. WNḤT. TBRḤ. ᶜL. GBL. WHᵓ. YMḤ. SPRH. LPP. ŠBL.
A French Translation:
Sarcophage qu’a fait Ythobaal, fils de Ahiram, pour Ahiram, son père, quand il l’a placé dans l’éternité. Et si un roi parmi les rois ou un gouverneur parmi les gouverneurs, ou un commandant en campagne contre Gubal et découvre ce sarcophage, que le sceptre de sa juridiction soit brisé, que le trône de sa royauté soit renversé, et que la paix s’éloigne de Gubal . Et quant à lui que son inscription soit effacée du livre de libations sacrées.
English translation :
A coffin made by Ithobaal, son of Ahiram, King of Byblos, for Ahiram his father, Lo, thus he puts him in Eternity. Now if a king among kings, and a governor among governors and a commander of an army should come-up against Byblos and when he then uncovers this coffin, then may be stripped off the sceptre of his judiciary, may be overturned the throne of his kingdom and may peace and quietness flee from Byblos. And as for him, one should cancel his registration concerning the libation tube of the memorial sacrifice.
An Arabic translation:
هذا التابوت الحجري, صنعه (فعله) إيتوبعل, ابن أحيرام, ملك جبيل, لأبيه أحيرام حين وضعه بمثواه الأبدي. أما الأن, أي ملك بين الملوك, أو أمير بين الأمراء, أو قائد جيش في حملة (عسكرية) ضد (على) جبيل, يفتح هذا التابوت الحجري, فلينكسر صولجان حكمه (قضائه), ولتنقلب كرسي ملكه, ولتبرح السكينة والسلم عن جبيل. أما هو فليمحي ذكره من كتاب التقدمات التذكارية المقدسة.
References :
1- Les inscriptions Phéniciennes et leur style, Fady Stéphan, publications de l’Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Liban 1985.
2- A Phoenician-Punic Grammar, Charles R. Krahmalkov, Brill, 2001.
3- Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume III, Phoenician Inscriptions. J. Gibson. Oxford University Press, 2002.
4- Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, Charles R. Krahhmalkov, Peeters, Orientalia Lovaniensia, Studia Phoenicia XV, Leuven 2000
This is my first video on You Tube. I do really apologize for the imperfections. Try to enjoy it nonetheless...
You could find more information on this inscrption and sarcophagus using this link below from Wikipedia:
http://www.google.co.nz/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAhiram&ei=MlyYTZe2MY3IvQO1_uH2Cw&usg=AFQjCNHib6_f1qqyNqMH-eCi-3NNSFwioQ&sig2=08xHPt0Q3D3_k6SAjPXu8Q
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9ZfFBm8V_o
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a-funerary-inscription-from-cyprus-3rd
A Funerary Inscription from Kition, Cyprus 3rd Century BC; KAI-35, (Kickstart of modern Phoenicology continued!)
1- Phoenician Inscription using Hebrew Alphabet:
אנך.עבדאסר.בנ עבדססם. בן חר. מצבת . למבחיי .יטנאת . על משכב . נחתי . לעלם . ולאשתי . לאמתעשתרת .בת . תאם . בן עבדמלך .
2- Phoenician Inscription using the SBL Transliteration System:
ᵓNK. ᶜBDᵓSR. BN ᶜBDSSM. BN ḤR. MṢBT. LMBḤYY. YṬNᵓT. ᶜL MŠKB. NḤTY. LᶜLM. WLᵓŠTY. LᵓMTᶜŠTRT. BT. TᵓM. BN ᶜBDMLK.
3- English translation:
I Abdosir, son of Abdsassom, son of Hor, erected forever, this stele at my resting place during my lifetime, also for my wife Amotastharte, daughter of Toam, son of Abdmilk.
4- French translation:
Moi, Abdosir, fils d'Abdsassom, fils de Hor, a érigé pour toujours, ce stele sur mon endroit de repos pendant ma vie, aussi pour mon épouse Amotastharte, fille de Toam, fils d'Abdmilk.
5-Arabic Translation:
انا عبدوسير, ابن عبدساسون, ابن حور, المسلة هذه اقمتها وانا على قيد الحياة, فوق مكان راحتي للابد. وكذالك لزوجتي اموتعشترت, بنت توم, ابن عبدميلك.
A Eulogy to Abdosir (composed by me in Phoenician):
1. In Phoenician using Hebrew Alphabet:
אדני עבדסר ואדתי אמתעשתרת שכב בנחת לעלם.כ בעבר מא אש כתבת עלת מצבת אש לך אדןי עבדסר,דברם כנענם פנם הים ידעת בד אדמם ברבם...
2. In Phoenician using the SBL Transliteration System:
ᵓDNY ᶜBDSR WᵓDTY ᵓMTᶜŠTRT ŠKB BNḤT LᶜLM, K BᶜBR Mᵓ ᵓŠ KTBT ᶜLT MṢBT ᵓŠ LK ᵓDNY ᵓBDSR, DBRM KNᶜNM PNM, HYM YDᶜT BD ᵓDMM BRBM...
3. In English:
Grandfather Abdosir and Grandmother Amotastharte may you rest in peace forever. Thanks to what you have inscribed on your stele grandfather Abdosir the Phoenician language is today known by so many...
4. In French:
Grand-père Abdosir et grand-mère Amotastharte reposez-vous dans la paix pour toujours. Grâce ce que vous avez inscrit sur votre stele Grand-père Abdosir la langue phénicienne est aujourd'hui connue par tant de personnes...
5-Arabic Translation:
جدي عبدوسير, وجدتي اموتعشترت, ارقدوا بسلامٍ الى الأبد. بفضل كتابتك هذه على مسلتك, يا جدي العزيز عبدوسير, اللغة الفينيقية اصبحت اليوم معروفة من كثيرين.
This inscription was found and copied at Kition in Cyprus by R. Pockocke in 1738. The Inscription copy is now found in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, England. This inscription together with (CIS 122); the bilingual inscription of Malta, please refer to my 4th YouTube Video released October 2009, were instrumental in the decipherment of the Phoenician language by Abbe J.J. Barthelemy. 'Reflexions sur quelques monuments pheniciens' Memoires de l'Academie des inscriptions 30 (1758), 405-427.
Thank you for watching my videos and God Bless you all!
References :
1- Les inscriptions Phéniciennes et leur style, Fady Stéphan, publications de l’Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Liban 1985.
2- A Phoenician-Punic Grammar, Charles R. Krahmalkov, Brill, 2001.
3- Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume III, Phoenician Inscriptions. J. Gibson. Oxford University Press, 2002.
4- Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, Charles R. Krahhmalkov, Peeters, Orientalia Lovaniensia, Studia Phoenicia XV, Leuven 2000.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3VkJQm5zpI
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VIDEO
HOMO
Homo-Sapiens-est-Homo-Religiosus-et-nihil-aliud!
Homo Sapiens est Homo Religiosus et nihil aliud !
Homo sapiens is Homo religiosus and nothing else!
This is an excerpt from my presentation: Temple Tariff Inscription and the Drag Queens of Astarte; Part III. https://youtu.be/qYLi5Jp_nuw.
‘Homo religious’ is a term that I coined in my previous video; Yehawmilk, King of Byblos, Phoenician Inscription; a king’s devotion to his goddess, published November 2009. https://youtu.be/0bpc2oGBdkU.
In my comments on this inscription, I mentioned the following: “This inscription is a witness to another core value of the Phoenician culture: the profound religiosity of people and kings. The Phoenician Pagan religion occupied a central role in the life of every Phoenician. Phoenicians like all human beings of our species- Homo sapiens that I would call instead Homo relgiosus, and therefore upset all atheists on YouTube- believed in something greater than themselves and this inscription is a strong witness to that.”
In my opinion, all human beings are religious whether they belong to a formal religion or not. This was quite clear, as I mentioned in this excerpt, during the latest pestilence. The quasi-religious aspects of the pestilence times, particularly the unquestionable blind belief, by everyone even the highly educated, in the ‘common narrative’ and the total submission to the authoritarian rule of political leaders who became somehow like religious leaders.
As a Catholic Christian, I am saddened by the fact that even our current Pope has espoused many elements of this ‘new age religion’ instead of being the Vicar of Christ on Earth and the leader of the supposedly, only true Religion, he has become another follower of this ‘new age religion’. Not only that, but our Pope is also persecuting the good orthodox priests and religious and is propping up those unorthodox priests, religious and lay people who like him adopt the ‘new age religion’ or most of its elements. This new-age religion is behaving somehow like the Catholic Church of the Middle Ages and like Islamic Authorities at the time of the Caliphate. Anyone who does not submit to this ‘church’s’ dogmas is branded as a ‘heretic/apostate’ or in other modern words; ‘hater, misinformer or disinformer’ and incurs immediate retribution with social media banning, character libelling and assassination, loss of job and livelihood and in certain countries even prison sentences.
I am not here to paint a pessimistic view of religion and religious people; as I have said, we are all religious beings, we were created that way, and we all have in us an innate reflex to connect with our maker.
Maybe, I, an unmarried catholic, should present my candidacy to the Papal office; the ultimate and the noblest position a man can attain. So that, to save the Church from her present turmoil, serve the faithful, and preach the true Gospel that would make people content and live in peace on this Earth. Hopefully, be the Pope who stands up for the dignity and liberty of the human being created in the image of God, free and sovereign. A Pope who fights Evil and speaks out against every falsehood while keeping the Biblical truth that we are nothing in front of God who created us in this vast Universe, and that our duty is to love Him and our neighbour, to be morally disciplined, to do good deeds to the best of our potential, to work for peace, to be good custodians on his creation, to always strive to be as perfect as possible, and to ultimately return to Him at the end of our earthly life.
It is amazing how we mortal and sinful humans are always seeking and working for higher goals and ideals. I, for example, want to save Lebanon and New Zealand, save the Church, revive the Phoenician Language and culture and at the same time struggle to save my profession and thankfully keep my job. To be able to be likewise, we must have the sparkle of the Divine in all of us, and that is, what makes every one of us unique and of immense value and dignity. I wrote this personal comment to cheer you all up at the end of this difficult year! So have good courage and remain always hopeful.
Thank you all for your ongoing interest in the Phoenician Language and Culture and for your fidelity in watching my video presentations.
May you all have a good time at the end of this year 2022 and, have a blessed, successful, and prosperous New Year 2023.
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VIDEO
KING
king-eshmunazar-phoenician-inscription,
King Eshmunazar II Phoenician Inscription, Sidon, first quarter of 5th century BC (KAI 14):
The famous sarcophagus of King Eshmunazar II was unearthed in the necropolis of the city of Sidon in South Lebanon in the year 1855 and is now preserved in the Louvre museum in Paris. For more information please use the link below;
http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225321&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225321&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500787&bmLocale=en
Thank you for watching this video. God Bless!
Phoenician inscription using modified Latin alphabet:
BYRḤ BL BŠNT ᶜWR WᵓRBᶜ LMLKY MLK ᵓŠMNᶜZR MLK ṢDNM BN MLK TBNT MLK ṢDNM. DBR MLK ᵓŠMNᶜZR MLK ṢDNM LᵓMR; NGZLT BL ᶜTY BN MSK YMM ᵓZRM YTM BN ᵓLMT. WŠKB ᵓNK BḤLT Z YBQBR Z BMQM ᵓŠ BNT. QNMY ᵓT KL MMLKT WKL ᵓDM ᵓL YPTḤ ᵓYT MŠKB Z, WᵓL YBQŠ BN MNM K ᵓY ŠM BN MNM, WᵓL YŠᵓ ᵓYT ḤLT MŠKBY, WᵓL YᶜMSN BMŠKB Z ᶜLT MŠB ŠNY.
ᵓP ᵓM ᵓDMM YDBRNK ᵓL TŠMᶜ BDBRNM. K KL MMLKT WKL ᵓDM ᵓŠ YPTḤ ᶜLT MŠKB Z, ᵓM ᵓŠ YŠᵓ ᵓYT ḤLT MŠKBY, ᵓM ᵓŠ YᶜMSN BMŠKB Z; ᵓL YKN LM MŠKB ᵓT RPᶜM, WᵓL YQBR BQBR, WᵓL YKN LM BN WZRᶜ TḤTNM, WYSGRNM HᵓLNM HQDŠM ᵓT MMLKT ᵓDR ᵓŠ MŠL BNM LQṢTNM, ᵓYT MMLKT ᵓM ᵓDM Hᵓ ᵓŠ YPTḤ ᶜLT MŠKB Z, ᵓM ᵓŠ YŠᵓ ᵓYT ḤLT Z. WᵓYT ZRᶜ MMLKT Hᵓ, ᵓM ᵓDMM HMT, ᵓL YKN LM ŠRŠ LMṬ WPR LMᶜL, WTᵓR BḤYM TḤT ŠMŠ.
K ᵓNK NḤN NGZLT BL ᶜT BN MSK YMM ᵓZRM YTM BN ᵓLMT. ᵓNK K ᵓNK ᵓŠMNᶜZR MLK ṢDNM, BN MLK TBNT MLK ṢDNM, BN BN MLK ᵓŠMNᶜZR MLK ṢNM. WᵓMY ᵓMᶜŠTRT KHNT ᶜŠTRT,RBTN, HMLKT BT MLK ᵓŠMNᶜZR MLK ṢDNM.
ᵓM BNN ᵓYT BT ᵓLNM; ᵓYT BT ᶜŠTRT BṢDN ᵓRṢ YM, WYŠBN ᵓYT ᵓŠTRT ŠM MᵓDRM. WᵓNḤN ᵓŠ BNN BT LᵓŠMN-ŠD QDŠ ᶜNYDLL BHR WYŠBNY ŠM MᵓDRM. WᵓNHN ᵓŠ BNN BTM LᵓLN ṢDNM BṢDN ᵓRṢ YM; BT LBᶜL ṢDN, WBT LᶜŠTRT ŠM BᶜL.
WᶜD YTN LN ᵓDN MLKM ᵓYT DR WYPY, ᵓRṢT DGN HᵓDRT ᵓŠ BŠD ŠRN LMDT ᶜṢMT ᵓŠ PᶜLT. WYSPNNM ᶜLT GBL ᵓRṢ, LKNNM LṢDNM LᶜLM.
QNMY ᵓT KL MMLKT WKL ᵓDM, ᵓL YPTḤ ᶜLTY, WᵓL YᶜR ᶜLTY, WᵓL YᶜMSN BMŠKB Z, WᵓL YŠᵓ ᵓYT ḤLT MŠKBY. LM YSGRNM ᵓLNM HQDŠM, ᵓL WYQṢN HMMLKT Hᵓ WHᵓDMM HMT WZRᶜM LᶜLM.
Phoenician Inscription using Hebrew Alphabet:
בירח בל בשנת עשר וארבע למלכי מלך אשמנעזר מלך צדנם, בן מלך תבנת מלך צדנם. דבר מלך אשמנעזר מלך צדנם לאמר, נגזלת בל עתי, בן מסך ימם אזרם יתם בן אלמת. ושכב אנך אנך בחלת ז, ובקבר ז, במקם אש בנת. קנמי את כל ממלכת וכל אדם, אל יפתח אית משכב ז, ואל יבקש בן מנם ך אי שם בן מנם, ואל ישא אות חלת משכבי, ואל יעמסן במשכב ז עלת משכב שני. אף אם אדמם ידברנך אל תשמע בדברנם. ך כל ממלכת וכל אדם אש יפתח עלת משכב זת אם אש ישא אית חלת משכבי, אם אש יעמסן במשכב ז אל יכן לם משכב את רפאם, ואל יקבר בקבר, ואל יכן לם בן וזרע תחתנם, ויסגרנם האלנם הקדשם את ממלכת אדר אש משל בנם לקצתנם, איח ממלכת אם אדם הא אש יפתח עלת משכב זת, אם אש ישא אית חלת ז, ואית זרע ממלכת הא. אמ אדמם המת אל יכן לם שרש למט ופר למעל ותאר בחים תחת שמש. ך אנך נחן נגזלת בל עתי בן מסך ימם אזרם יתם בן אלמת. אנך ך אנך אשמנעזר מלך צדנם, בן מלך תבנת מלך צדנם, בן בן מלך אשמנעזר מלך צדנם. ואמי אמעשתרת כהנת עשתרת רבתן המלכת בת מלך אשמנעזר מלך צדנם. אם בנן אית בת אלנם אית בת עשתרת בצדן ארץ ים וישבן אית עשתרת שם מאדרם. ואנחן אש בנן בת לאשמן שד קדש ען ידלל בהר וישבני שם מאדרם. ואנחן אש בנן בתמ לאלן צדנם בצדן ארג ים, בת לבעל צדנם, ובת לעשתרת שם בעל. ועד יתן לן אדן מלכם אית דר ויפי, ארצת דגן האדרת אש בשד שרן למדת עצמת אש פעלת. ויספננם עלת גבל ארץ לכננם לצדנם לעלם. קנמי את כל ממלכת וכל אדם אל יפתח עלתי, ואל יער עלתי, ואל יעמסן במשכב ז, ואל ישא אית משכבי. לם יסגרנם אלנם הקדשם אל ויקצן הממלכת הא
והאדמם המת, וזרע לעלם.
References :
1- Les inscriptions Phéniciennes et leur style, Fady Stéphan, publications de l’Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Liban 1985.
2- A Phoenician-Punic Grammar, Charles R. Krahmalkov, Brill, 2001.
3- Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume III, Phoenician Inscriptions. J. Gibson. Oxford University Press, 2002.
4- Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, Charles R. Krahhmalkov, Peeters, Orientalia Lovaniensia, Studia Phoenicia XV, Leuven 2000.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTMah9SZ1f4
Transaction
Created
9 months ago
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video/mp4
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VIDEO
TEMPL
Sacred-Prostitution-and-the-Drag-Queens-of-Astarte,-Part-II-(edited-version)
Temple Tariff Inscription , Sacred Prostitution and the Drag Queens of Astarte part II
In this presentation I discuss mainly KLBM and GRM ( so called sacred male prostitutes)…, appearing in line 15 on face A and in line 10 on face B of the Kition Inscription. Who were these KLBM and GRM? I mainly focus in this presentation on the KLBM. Were these KLBM simply dogs working for the Temple? Canaan dog! I talk about the Dog in the Phoenician and Levantine cultures including in the Bible( both Old and New Testament) and ancient Israel in addition in the famous Amarna letters! I include positive and negative statements about dogs. I also discuss the Dog with the Eshmun/Asclepius/Aesculapius (god of health) cult.
I explain who the KLBM really were in light of the extraordinary institution of the Galli/which I call the Drag Queen of Astarte! I also talk about the Galli and their cultural successors in Christianity and Islam! At the end I share my final thoughts on this controversial subject.
Thank you for watching and please forgive some minor technical imperfections in this video.
Please note again that this presentation is not suitable for children younger than 16 years of age.
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VIDEO
TARIF
tarif-du-temple-prostitution-sacrée-et
Cette video présentation est un résumé de ma présentation magistrale en Anglais (mes trois vdeos précédentes), concernant la soit disant " prostitution sacrée" dans le Monde Phénicien.
Cette présentation est uniquement pour adultes.
Vous pourriez aussi visionner cette vidéo sur Odysee; https://odysee.com/@thelastphoenician:0/Sacred-Prostitution-and-Drag-Queens-of-Astarte%2C-French-Summary.:9
Références:
1- Les inscriptions Phéniciennes et leur style, Fady Stéphan, publications de l’Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Liban 1985.
2- A Phoenician-Punic Grammar, Charles R. Krahmalkov, Brill, 2001.
3- Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume III, Phoenician Inscriptions. J. Gibson. Oxford University Press, 2002.
4- Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, Charles R. Krahhmalkov, Peeters, Orientalia Lovaniensia, Studia Phoenicia XV, Leuven 2000.
5-A Comparative Semitic Lexicon of the Phoenician and Punic Languages. Richard S. Tomback. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation series number 32. Wipf and Stock publishers, 1978 republished 2019
6- Dieux et déesses de l’univers phénicien et punique. Edward Lipinski. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Peeters; Leuven 1995.
7- The Oxford Handbook of The Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean. Carolina Lopez-Ruiz and Brian r. Doak. Oxford University Press 2019.
8- Bible , Catholic Encyclopaedia New Advent. https://www.newadvent.org/bible
9- Bible, King James online. OFFICIAL KING JAMES BIBLE ONLINE: AUTHORIZED KING JAMES VERSION (KJV)
10- Bible Arabic online. الكتاب المقدس | موقع الإنجيل | التوراة | العهد القديم والعهد الجديد Arabic Bible - alinjil, enjeel | St-Takla.org
11- Hebrew- English Bible according to Masoretic text. https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm
12- Devotee or Deviate The “Dog” (keleb) in Ancient Israel as a Symbol of Male Passivity and Perversion John Barclay Burns, George Mason University. The Kripke Center. Journal of Religion and Society. Volume 2 (2000). 2000-6 (creighton.edu)
13-Attitudes toward Dogs in Ancient Israel: A Reassessment GEOFFREY DAVID MILLER St Louis University, Department of Theological Studies, Humanities.
Attitudes toward Dogs in Ancient Israel: A Reassessment https://journals.sagepub.com › doi › pdf
14- The meaning of Almah in the old testament –John Joseph Owens 1953
First Published January 1, 1953 Research Articlehttps://doi.org/10.1177/003463735305000105
15-Almah: Virgin or Young Maiden? by Zhava Glaser |September 01 1993. https://jewsforjesus.org/publications/issues/issues-v09-n01/almah-virgin-or-young-maiden/
16-Rawlinson, George. History of Phoenicia (Kindle Locations 3589-3593). Rawlinson, George. History of Phoenicia (Kindle Locations 3570-3573). Kindle Edition.
17- Wikipedia;
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_7:14
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece
*-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almah
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_prostitution
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaffa
* Wikipedia Arabic العشق الإلهي في الصوفية
18- Vestal Virgins; https://www.worldhistory.org/Vestal_Virgin/.
19-The Healing Power of Dogs | National Museum Waleshttps://museum.wales/articles/1054/The-Healing-Power-of-Dogs/#:~:text=This%20place%20became%20one%20of,Nodens%20at%20Lydney%20in%20Gloucestershire.
20-Stephen G. Nichols [Version, February 2016] German & Romance Languages Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD 21218-2687 Stephen.nichols@jhu.edu The Trouble with Castration: Saint Augustine and the Roman de la Rose “My body was lessened so my soul could be increased.” Abelard to Héloise
21-العالمة.. مهنة عرفها المصريون منذ عهد المماليك انحصرت فى النوادى الليلية فقط - اليوم السابع (youm7.com) (العالمة.. مهنة عرفها المصريون منذ عهد المماليك انحصرت فى النوادى الليلية فقط) الجمعة، 29 مايو 2020 11:00 م
22-Effeminate men during the Mamlouk era in Egypt https://www.ssrcaw.org - مركز الدراسات والابحاث العلمانية في العالم العربيج3 / ف 3 :المجتمع المملوكى المنحل خلقيا بالتصوف: طبقة البغايا والمخنثون
23-Afghanistan Bacha Bazi ; dancing boys who are made to dress like little girls then abused by older men. Ref; Daily mail January 7, 2016.
24- You Tube videos.
*In this movie clip you hear mazmazel/madameنصف ساعة جواز) ) https://youtu.be/zdllb2TsF8Y .
*In this Video you see modern (almot) عوالم) )dancing with candlelight's on their heads while performing a (Zaffa) زفة) ). https://youtu.be/GZrj3wnZ9lc
*Alessandro Moreschi sings Ave Maria https://youtu.be/KLjvfqnD0ws
*Dancing boys full; https://youtu.be/B7eMUwkKiFY
*La Religieuse of Celine Dione https://youtu.be/6_29I_NxzAM
*Procession/Zaffa of a newly baptised child. https://youtu.be/7gAusfkcwvc.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxGlIxdvZL8
Transaction
Created
9 months ago
Content Type
Language
video/mp4
fr
Controlling
VIDEO
TEMPL
temple-tariff-inscription.-sacred-3
Temple Tariff Inscription , Sacred Prostitution and the Drag Queens of Astarte part II
In this presentation I discuss mainly KLBM and GRM ( so called sacred male prostitutes)…, appearing in line 15 on face A and in line 10 on face B of the Kition Inscription. Who were these KLBM and GRM? I mainly focus in this presentation on the KLBM. Were these KLBM simply dogs working for the Temple? Canaan dog! I talk about the Dog in the Phoenician and Levantine cultures including in the Bible( both Old and New Testament) and ancient Israel in addition in the famous Amarna letters! I include positive and negative statements about dogs. I also discuss the Dog with the Eshmun/Asclepius/Aesculapius (god of health) cult.
I explain who the KLBM really were in light of the extraordinary institution of the Galli/which I call the Drag Queen of Astarte! I also talk about the Galli and their cultural successors in Christianity and Islam! At the end I share my final thoughts on this controversial subject.
Thank you for watching and please forgive some minor technical imperfections in this video.
Please note again that this presentation is not suitable for children younger than 16 years of age.
You may also watch this video on ; https://odysee.com/@thelastphoenician:0/Sacred-Prostitution-and-the-Drag-Queens-of-Astarte%2C-Part-II-%28edited-version%29:4
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxjGHThwZW8
Transaction
Created
9 months ago
Content Type
Language
video/mp4
English
Controlling
VIDEO
KING
King-Ahirom-Sarcophagus-Inscription-and-Graffito-revisted
King Ahirom of Byblos Sarcophagus Phoenician Inscription revisited. (KAI-1). Ahirom tomb graffito (KAI-2)
A 3100-year-old inscription! This was the first significant and longest Phoenician inscription to be written in the newly invented Phoenician alphabet that became the mother of almost all known alphabets today. (KAI 1). The Graffito on the Tomb wall to ward off tomb robbers and desecrators written in three lines (KAI-2)
Phoenician inscription using Hebrew alphabet (KAI-1):
ארן ז פצל אתבצל בן אחרם מלך גבל לאחרם אבה כ שחה בצלם
ואל מלך במלכם וסכנ בסכנם ותמא מחנת צלי גבל ויגל ארנ זן תחתסף חטר משפתה תהתפך כסא מלכה ונחת תברח על גבל והא ימח ספרה לפף שבל
Phoenician Inscription using Hebrew Alphabet (KAI-2):
לדעת, הן יפד לך, תחת זן.
Phoenician Inscription using modified Latin Alphabet (KAI-1):
ᵓRN. Z PᶜL. ᵓTBᶜL. BN ᵓḤRM. MLK GBL. LᵓḤRM. ᵓBH. K ŠTH. BᶜLM. WᵓL. MLK. BMLKM.WSKN. BSKNM. WTMᵓ. MḤNT. ᶜLY. GBL. WYGL. ᵓRN. ZN. TḤTSP. ḤṬR. MŠPṬH. THTPK. KSᵓ. MLKH. WNḤT. TBRḤ. ᶜL. GBL. WHᵓ. YMḤ. SPRH. LPP. ŠBL.
Phoenician Inscription using Latin Alphabet (KAI-2):
LDᶜT, HN YPD LK, TḤT ZN.
A French Translation (KAI-1) :
• Sarcophage qu’a fait Ittobaal, fils de Ahiram, pour Ahiram, son père, quand il l’a placé dans l’éternité.
• Et si un roi parmi les rois ou un gouverneur parmi les gouverneurs, ou un commandant en campagne contre Gubal et découvre ce sarcophage, que le sceptre de sa juridiction soit brisé, que le trône de sa royauté soit renversé, et que la paix s’éloigne de Gubal. Et efface cette inscription, que le traineau de sa robe royale soit coupé.
A French Translation (KAI-2)
Attention! Il n’y a rien qui te soit utile là-dessous.
English translation (KAI-1):
• This coffin was made by Ittobaal, son of Ahiram, King of Byblos, for Ahiram his father, Lo, thus he put him in Eternity.
• Now, if a king among kings, and a governor among governors and a commander of an army shall come up against Byblos, and if he shall uncover this coffin, the sceptre of his judiciary shall break, the throne of his kingdom shall overturn, and peace and quietness shall depart from Byblos. And if he shall erase this inscription, his royal robe shall be torn.
English Translation (KAI-2):
Attention! Behold, thou shalt come to grief below.
An Arabic translation (KAI-1):
هذا التابوت الحجري، صنعه (فعله) إيتوبعل، ابن أحيرام، ملك جبيل، لأبيه أحيرام حين وضعه بمثواه الأبدي. أما الأن، أي ملك بين الملوك، أو أمير بين الأمراء، أو قائد جيش في حملة (عسكرية) ضد (على) جبيل، يفتح هذا التابوت الحجري، فلينكسر صولجان حكمه (قضائه), ولتنقلب كرسي ملكه, ولتبرح السكينة والسلم عن جبيل. او يمحي منقوشته فليُمَزَقَ ثوبُ ملكِهِ..
An Arabic translation (KAI-2):
انتبه! سوف تصاب بالغم الشديد هنا في الأسفل.
References :
1- Les inscriptions Phéniciennes et leur style, Fady Stéphan, publications de l’Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Liban 1985.
2- A Phoenician-Punic Grammar, Charles R. Krahmalkov, Brill, 2001.
3- Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume III, Phoenician Inscriptions. J. Gibson. Oxford University Press, 2002.
4- Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, Charles R. Krahhmalkov, Peeters, Orientalia Lovaniensia, Studia Phoenicia XV, Leuven 2000
5-A Comparative Semitic Lexicon of the Phoenician and Punic Languages. Richard S. Tomback. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation series number 32. Wipf and Stock publishers, 1978 republished 2019.
6-A Grammar of Phoenician and Punic, Stanislav Segert. Verlag C.H. Beck Munchen, 1976.
7- The Phoenicians - Ahiram King of Byblos (pheniciens.com)
8-Byblos Necropolis graffito - Wikipedia
9-Tearing of clothes: A study of an ancient practice in the Old Testament 28.pdf (scielo.org.za)
8- Notes on the sarcophagus of Ahiram; https://janes.scholasticahq.com/article/2166.pdf
11- A Manual of Ugaritic, Pierre Bordreuil and Dennis Paradee. Linguistic Studies In Ancient West Semitic, Volume 3. Eisenbrauns 2009, third printing 2015.
12- An Introduction to Ugaritic, J. Huehnergard, Hendrickson Publishers 2012.
13- KJV; Online Bible.
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