Due to the Orientalizing process and the connection between Iron age cultures, many of their artforms are actually similar to each other. Orientalizing style of Assyria, Levant and Egypt was adopted and adapted by Greeks and Phoenicians, who brought it to Etruscans. The process repeated itself and spread further inland, into the lands of Hallstatt culture, making it possible to observe many parallels between the art of the “barbaric” communities of the north, and the “civilized” south. Going into the 7th century BC, the first more sophisticated figural depictions of man and nature entered into alpine Europe, where only rare and crude examples existed beforehand. This came in the form of Situla art, which was marked by the creation of bronze drinking vessels (situlae) and other bronze objects, like belt plates, that carried profile depictions of animals and people partaking in a procession, ceremonial rituals, hunt and similar activities. It would be the highest form of artistic expression in the “barbaric” Europe during the Early Iron Age. A big part of Situla art and life in the Early Iron age was Boxing with dumbbells. This sport was similar to martial arts of ancient Greece, though it's origin and techniques remain unclear to this day. We can presume it had a big role in the life of warriors and social hierarchy. Timestamps: 00:00 - Intro into Early Iron Age Art 01:17 - Images of People, Wildlife and Divine 04:11 - The Making of Situla 10:24 - Dumbbell Boxing Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ? Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19 #history #europe #ironage #ancienthistory #archaeology ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9ZZMw7Fmwg

Celts were highly superstitious. Details about their worship and religion are, however, mostly lost to us. Those that are not, are passed on by Roman authors who, despite providing valuable insight, were plagued by bias, limited and indirect information, as well as Romanizing Celtic deities. The records of these Celtic gods are many, with more than 200 names of deities being found across Europe. That is a very large number that would lead to a complicated pantheon, if used generally across the Celtic world. But if one accepts that one deity could be known by different names across different tribes and regions, we can narrow their pantheon down to a far more manageable size. For many of these gods, parallels could be found with Roman and Greek deities. But even among Celtic tribes, similar characteristics don’t necessarily mean the same divinity. In general, Celtic religion revolved around magical entities pervading nature and objects alike, while influencing every individual and determining their destinies. Celtic holy grounds and places of worship were located either within a settlement or at select natural landmarks. Some remained active all the way from the Early Iron Age until the end of the Roman period. In most societies, communication between mortal and divine planes is interpreted and mediated by spiritual guides and specialists. In the Celtic world these were the Druids. They belonged to the social elite, led rituals and acted as judges in disputes and criminal cases. Druids didn’t carry weapons and didn't always take part in battle. When they did, they sang incantations that inspired their warriors and demoralized opponents. Archeological remains and Roman reflections of the complex religious system of the Celts therefore provide a fertile ground for misinterpretation. It is also worth noting that Celtic religious system differed between different tribes and ethnicities of La Tene Culture that spread across Europe. Just like with their weapons, the Celtic Gods and rituals lost their power with the declining Celtic population. Only on the farthest fringes of western Europe, did their languages and beliefs persist to this day. Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... You know how YouTube works. ? Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19 #history #europe #celts #ancienthistory #ironage ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYAqR4BVND0