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Mechanism of CSF Production and Hydrocephalus
Choroid plexus is a highly vascular portion of the pia mater that projects into the ventricles of the brain and secretes cerebrospinal fluid.
The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells.
Ependymal cells are roughly about 70% located in the lateral ventricles. They are about 30% in the third ventricle.
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced mainly by choroid plexus in the lateral and third ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless ultra-filtrate of plasma with low protein content and few cells.
In this video, Dr. Adam Jones discusses that cerebrospinal fluid has three main functions.
CSF protects the brain and spinal cord from trauma.
CSF supplies nutrients to nervous system tissue.
CSF allows for the removal of waste products from the brain and is critical in the brain's lymphatic system. Metabolic waste products diffuse rapidly into CSF and are removed into the bloodstream as CSF is absorbed.
Dr. Adam Jones describes that if the foramina of the fourth ventricle or the cerebral aqueduct are blocked, CSF can accumulate within the ventricles. This condition is called internal hydrocephalus, and it results in increased CSF pressure.
In the case of hydrocephalus in adults, the brain is more likely to be pushed to the foramen magnum.
It occurs because the brain cannot compensate due to the ossification of the skull.
In the case of hydrocephalus in infants, the skull can compensate for the dilating ventricles because the skull bones are not fully ossified.
It results in macrocephaly, which refers to an overly large head.
The following topics have discussed in the video:
* Choroid plexus
* Ependymal cells
* Arachnoid granules
* Production of cerebrospinal fluid
* Hydrocephalus
* Macrocephaly
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POsvKRtXtNQ
The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells.
Ependymal cells are roughly about 70% located in the lateral ventricles. They are about 30% in the third ventricle.
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced mainly by choroid plexus in the lateral and third ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless ultra-filtrate of plasma with low protein content and few cells.
In this video, Dr. Adam Jones discusses that cerebrospinal fluid has three main functions.
CSF protects the brain and spinal cord from trauma.
CSF supplies nutrients to nervous system tissue.
CSF allows for the removal of waste products from the brain and is critical in the brain's lymphatic system. Metabolic waste products diffuse rapidly into CSF and are removed into the bloodstream as CSF is absorbed.
Dr. Adam Jones describes that if the foramina of the fourth ventricle or the cerebral aqueduct are blocked, CSF can accumulate within the ventricles. This condition is called internal hydrocephalus, and it results in increased CSF pressure.
In the case of hydrocephalus in adults, the brain is more likely to be pushed to the foramen magnum.
It occurs because the brain cannot compensate due to the ossification of the skull.
In the case of hydrocephalus in infants, the skull can compensate for the dilating ventricles because the skull bones are not fully ossified.
It results in macrocephaly, which refers to an overly large head.
The following topics have discussed in the video:
* Choroid plexus
* Ependymal cells
* Arachnoid granules
* Production of cerebrospinal fluid
* Hydrocephalus
* Macrocephaly
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POsvKRtXtNQ
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CEREB
cerebrospinal-fluid-(csf)-review
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Understanding the formation, circulation, reabsorption, and composition of the CSF in various diseases is critical knowledge for a health professional. This understanding can make a difference between life and death or disability.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sO1z6Ns3pBg
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Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline-class antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria and certain parasites.[1] It is used to treat bacterial pneumonia, acne, chlamydia infections, early Lyme disease, cholera, typhus, and syphilis.[1] It is also used to prevent malaria and in combination with quinine, to treat malaria.[1] Doxycycline can be used either by mouth or by injection into a vein.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic_small_ribosomal_subunit
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5EQ4mHKOow
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Dr. Marc A. Levitt, MD Discusses Hirschsprung Disease
1 child out of 5,000 live births suffer from Hirschsprung disease. Let's discuss this illness with Dr. Levitt.
Dr. Marc A. Levitt's bio:
https://childrensnational.org/careers-and-training/employee-stories/marc-levitt
Marc Levitt is the Chief of Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery at Children's National Hospital, Washington D.C. He has focused his clinical and academic career in helping patients with complex colorectal and pelvic problems. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of Pennsylvania, his medical degree from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and his surgical training at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York and the Children's Hospital of Buffalo. He has previously directed the Colorectal Centers at Cincinnati Children's Hospital and at Nationwide Children's Hospital. Dr. Levitt has published over 300 peer-reviewed manuscripts, 90 book chapters, and 4 books. He has delivered over 500 national/international/local/regional presentations of his work and has been an invited visiting professor all over the world. Dr. Levitt has trained dozens of clinical fellows, research fellows, and students in his career and has directed numerous colorectal training courses attended by established surgeons and surgical trainees from all over the world. He dedicates much of his free time to mission trips around the world where he trains surgeons in complex colorectal surgical techniques.
Link to the department where Dr. Levitt works:
https://childrensnational.org/departments/colorectal
Topics to discuss today:
•Understand the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease
•Recognize key signs of the disease and other conditions that mimic it
•Describe the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease
•Understand the surgical treatments
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This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.
URL list from Friday, Feb. 4 2022
DrBeen: Continuing Medical Education Online | USMLE Prep | CME and CE marketplace | Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant Training Programs | Medical Student Training
https://www.drbeen.com/
Pediatric Colorectal & Pelvic Reconstruction | Children's National Hospital
https://childrensnational.org/departments/colorectal
Marc Levitt - Employee Story |
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swtTCc8IvIA
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ASTRA
astrazeneca-thrombosis-incorrect
AstraZeneca Thrombosis - Incorrect Injections? (Probing various theories.)
AstraZeneca continues to suffer from the theories about its association with thrombosis. In this talk let’s discuss if it is possible that the thrombosis is due to incorrect injections, or heparin induced thrombocytopenia, or something else.
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Cause of thrombosis found with AstraZeneca vaccine
https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/03/21/oorzaak-trombose-bij-vaccin-astrazeneca-gevonden-a4036644
What is heparin induced thrombocytopenia?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600013/
How to test for heparin induced thrombocytopenia?
https://labtestsonline.org/tests/heparin-induced-thrombocytopenia-pf4-antibody
Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration and other injection site events
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347325
Denmark says aspirate before injecting based on a Danish study finding.
CDC says don't
COVID-19 Vaccine FAQs for Healthcare Professionals | CDC
What is air embolism?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_embolism
Do you need to aspirate when giving intramuscular (IM) injections?
https://ed-areyouprepared.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Do-you-need-to-aspirate-when-giving-intramuscular.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333604/
Aspiration in injections: should we continue or abandon the practice?
Study showing that in 50% of the subjects in India over penetration of the needle may be occurring.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4223174/
Needle insertions in individuals of different weights
https://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p2020a.pdf
How to inject in the deltoid muscle
https://youtu.be/DBHnd3N-5Ns
#drbeen #koolbeens #COVID
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sn3wO6taJk4
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BLIND
blindness-covid-19-vs.-vaccines
Blindness COVID-19 vs. Vaccines
Kool Beens were looking for a comparison of the studies and data for retinal vascular occlusion after COVID-19 vs. vaccines. Let's review some studies.
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Disclaimer:
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Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.
URL list from Thursday, May. 18 2023 16:54 PM
Risk assessment of retinal vascular occlusion after COVID-19 vaccination | npj Vaccines
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-023-00661-7/
Retinal vascular occlusions in COVID-19 infection and vaccination: a literature review - PMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9811047/
Risk of New Retinal Vascular Occlusion After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination Within Aggregated Electronic Health Record Data | Ophthalmology | JAMA Ophthalmology | JAMA Network
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2803760
Incidence of Retinal Artery and Vein Occlusions During the COVID-19 Pandemic | Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina
https://journals.healio.com/doi/10.3928/23258160-20211209-01
Cureus | What’s the Risk: Differentiating Risk Ratios, Odds Ratios, and Hazard Ratios? | Article
https://www.cureus.com/articles/39455-whats-the-risk-differentiating-risk-ratios-odds-ratios-and-hazard-ratios#!/
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NEW B
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New Brazilian Strain P.1 Manaus (SARS-COV-2)
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A Brazilian variant of the SARS-COV-2 has 24 mutations in it. It includes some mutations from the UK strain and some from the South African strain. However, it is thought, that these mutations have occurred independently.
Let’s look at these mutations together.
Genomic characters of P.1 Manaus lineage/variant
https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586
Important mutations
https://www.gisaid.org/references/gisaid-in-the-news/novel-variant-combination-in-spike-receptor-binding-site/
Brazilian lineages
https://cov-lineages.org/lineages/lineage_B.1.1.28.html
Emerging variants
https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n158
What are phylogenetic changes?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics
SARS-COV-2 sequence data
https://asm.org/Articles/2020/October/SARS-CoV-2-Sequencing-Data-The-Devil-Is-in-the-Gen
A comparison of B.1.1.7
https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563
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New Roundup Oct 19, 2022
New papers on endothelial injury from spike, XBB immune escape, and many more. Let's catch-up together.
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Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.
URL list from Wednesday, Oct. 19 2022
Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces convergent Omicron RBD evolution | bioRxiv
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507787v3
COVID-19 Map - Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center
https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
COVID-19 Data Explorer - Our World in Data
https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&time=2020-03-01..latest&facet=none&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=location&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Interval=7-day+rolling+average&Relative+to+Population=true&Color+by+test+positivity=false&country=USA~GBR~CAN~DEU~ITA~IND
CDC COVID Data Tracker: Variant Proportions
https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions
Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: an overview of evidence, biomarkers, mechanisms and potential therapies | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41401-022-00998-0
SARS-CoV-2 Uses CD4 to Infect T Helper Lymphocytes | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.20200329v1
California Gov. Gavin Newsom announces COVID state of emergency will end in February 2023
https://www.yahoo.com/news/california-gov-gavin-newsom-announces-003637411.html
The Fast-Spreading New COVID-19 Subvariant XBB Is Part of a ‘New Class’ of Omicron
https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/fast-spreading-covid-19-subvariant-172700718.html
Moderna CEO: Not everyone will need an annual COVID booster
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/moderna-ceo-not-everyone-will-need-an-annual-covid-booster-161914016.html
Boston University researchers claim to have developed new, more lethal COVID strain in lab
https://www.yahoo.com/news/boston-university-researchers-claim-developed-195236897.html
BQ.1.1 is among the most immune-evasive COVID variants yet. It's coming in hot in the U.S. | Fortune
https://fortune.com/well/2022/10/15/bq11-bq1-omicron-covid-variant-immune-evasive-cases-rising-us-fall-winter-wave-forecast-pandemic/
Long COVID at 12 months persists at 18 months, study shows
https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/long-covid-12-months-persists-203205868.html
New daily COVID cases fall to 6-month low in the U.S., while Japan welcomes tourists again
https://finance.yahoo.com/m/d427c0fa-3fea-32bf-a052-cbfdb4ddac17/new-daily-covid-cases-fall-to.html
Oxford/AstraZeneca COVID vaccine nasal spray fails in trial
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/oxford-astrazeneca-covid-vaccine-nasal-115935964.html
COVID-19 can increase your risk of developing 44 neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s, new study suggests
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/covid-19-increase-risk-developing-193500836.html
Axon regeneration versus axon sprouting after injury in the spinal cord... | Download Scientific Diagram
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Axon-regeneration-versus-axon-sprouting-after-injury-in-the-spinal-cord-1-Axons-in-the_fig1_260645285
BQ.1.1 is among the most immune-evasive COVID variants yet. It’s coming in hot in the U.S.
https://money.yahoo.com/bq-1-1-among-most-134609128.html
...
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Mobeen Syed, MD presents the following topics:
AST, ALT levels in viral and alcoholic liver damage.
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Important viral antigens HBsAg, HBcAg, HBeAg.
Immune response in the shape of HBsAb, HBcAb, HBeAb.
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