What is ELECTRON-REFRACTIVE EFFECT? What does ELECTRON-REFRACTIVE EFFECT mean? ELECTRON-REFRACTIVE EFFECT meaning - ELECTRON-REFRACTIVE EFFECT definition - ELECTRON-REFRACTIVE EFFECT explanation. The electron-refractive effect or Electron Induced Permittivity Modification (EIPM) is an electro-optic effect observed in some crystals and amorphous materials, such as chalcogenide glasses and oxides, where the permittivity reduces or increases when the material is illuminated by high energy electrons, typically from an transmission electron microscope or scanning electron microscope. The effect is non-linear and reversible. The effect was observed by N. Normand and O. Normand., who observed that the permittivity, of chalcogenide glass increased by as much as 5% when irradiated with an electron gun in the 30keV range; they also noticed that the change was accompanied by a change in the thickness of the film. Recently San-Roman-Alerigi, Anjum and Ooi, demonstrated that the permittivity of chalcogenide thin films could also be reduced by as much as 50% when the sample was illuminated by 300keV electrons; moreover they also demonstrated that the electron induced permittivity modification was reversible. The change in permittivity occurs because of the disruption in the atomic structure of the materials. That is, the changes are due to the breaking of bonds and re-bonding within the atomic structure of the amorphous or crystalline structures. This modification in turn modifies the carrier traps within the band structure, reducing them, and hence ensuing the decrement in the permittivity This contrasts with the photorefractive effect where the change is induced by the alteration in the electron distribution due to the photon-absorption. ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXig0x25DDo

What is DIAL-IN TIME? What does DIAL-IN TIME mean? DIAL-IN TIME meaning - DIAL-IN TIME definition - DIAL-IN TIME explanation. A dial-in time is a term used in drag racing to claim how fast a racer's car is. Dial-in times function to determine which cars race against each other. If one car's dial-in time is significantly slower than another's, the slower car is given a handicap (which is done in E.T. bracket racing). The purpose of dial-in times is to make the race fair - so if a racer beats his or her dial-in time, he or she is automatically disqualified. Dial-in times can, however, be manipulated to be significantly slower than the car actually performs, in a technique called sandbagging. A car that runs 14.28, 14.30, and 14.32 seconds in quarter-mile practice runs could have a dial-in time of about 14.30 seconds. If the racer sets the time too low at 14.28, there is no guarantee that the car will actually run that fast in the real race, and time will be lost in the handicap to the opponent. If the racer sets his or her dial-in time too high at 14.32, there is a good chance the car will outperform that time and he or she will be disqualified. ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9CGaCKHiFA