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Coke Can in Liquid Nitrogen
This is so simple I can't think of a better video description than what you're seeing in the title right now. Other than maybe "Coke Can in Liquid Nitrogen narrated with creepy voice."
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RgQOUUa9Sk
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HOW F
how-fluorescence-works-the-science
In this video we explore the colorful science of fluorescence.
A really cool way to play with fluorescence at home is get a blue or violet laser pointer and shine it into a dish or jar of water where you have added a drop of fluorescent highlighter fluid. You'll clearly see the beam as the solution fluoresces in its path.
Now the common definition of fluorescent is something that glows a visible color when exposed to ultraviolet light. Fluorescence is actually much broader than that and you don't need ultraviolet light in particular. For example in the yellow fluorescent dye "rubrene" both violet and green lasers will activate it and glow yellow. This proves you don't always need ultraviolet light. But a red laser will not activate a yellow dye. Why is that?
What's happening in fluorescence is that the incoming light raises the energy of the electrons in the molecule to an excited state. The electrons then lose a bit of energy due to vibrations of the molecules. And finally the electrons return to the ground state by releasing light. Now since energy cannot be created or destroyed and a bit of energy was already lost as heat in the vibrations of the molecules, the energy of light emitted must have lower energy than the light absorbed.
So since the yellow fluorescent dye emits yellow light, we need to use light of higher energy like violet and green for it to glow. Red is lower energy than yellow light so it can't excite the dye.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcssdJf0pKQ
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make-sodium-hydroxide-by-electrolysis
In this video we use a nafion membrane cell to make sodium hydroxide by electrolysis of sodium bicarbonate and separating and isolating the ions.
If you electrolyze water you generate hydroxide ions at the cathode, and hydronium ions at the anode. If you could some how split sodium bicarbonate, then mix the sodium ions with the hydroxide ions, you could make sodium hydroxide.
Of course "just" splitting ions completely glosses over the nuances and complexities of chemistry. But interestingly enough, a cationic exchange membrane like nafion essentially allows us to that by allowing cations to transfer through, but blocks anions.
To do this, all we do is get the nafion divided membrane cell we built in a previous video and insert it into a larger container of water and sodium bicarbonate. Using a titanium cathode and a cobalt oxide anode (although you can use nickel, platinum, or carbon), we make the sodium bicarbaonte solution the anolyte and use deionized water as the catholyte. Applying an electric current we separate the ions in sodium bicarbonate and pass the sodium through the membrane into the cathode side where they meet up with the hydroxide produced and create sodium hydroxide.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcoTp2IUWMc
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make-potassium-permanganate
In this video, we explore the process of making potassium permanganate, a valuable oxidant with a striking purple color. Starting with 43g of manganese dioxide, often obtained from greensand filter media, and 25g of potassium chlorate, the chemicals are thoroughly mixed. A can made of iron is chosen as the reaction vessel due to its resistance to the highly corrosive mixture.
All reagents are mixed long with 40mL of water and 60g of potassium hydroxide. The can is placed in a furnace and heated to 400 degrees Celsius for several hours. This step involves the oxidation of manganese dioxide to potassium manganate by potassium chlorate, with potassium hydroxide providing essential potassium ions and alkaline conditions.
Once cooled and soaked in water, the solid chunks of potassium manganate are retrieved. To convert potassium manganate into potassium permanganate, chlorine gas is used. A chlorine generator comprising 45g of trichloroisocyanuric acid in 100mL water and 75mL of 30% hydrochloric acid is employed to produce chlorine gas, which is then introduced into the potassium manganate flask. The reaction results in potassium permanganate with potassium chloride as a byproduct.
Once the reaction is complete, the mixture is vacuum-filtered and then chilled to separate potassium permanganate from potassium chloride and hypochlorite. The potassium permanganate crystals are beautiful black needles.
The final yield is approximately 30.7g or 39%, adjusted to 52% considering the purity of the manganese dioxide used. Both crystallizations of potassium permanganate are found to be 99% pure with a 1% margin of error, confirmed through titration.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62jzXwn3-G4
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make-sodium-metal-without-electrolysis
In this video we show how to make sodium metal without electrolysis using domestically available chemicals.
First 40g of sodium hydroxide and 30g of magnesium are place in a steel container with a fuse or sparkler and lit. A heavy lid is quickly placed over the mixture and allowed to burn. The mixture then allowed to cool and the resulting aggregate of sodium metal and magnesium oxide is chiseled out. The aggregate is then ground in a blender until the consistency of coarse sand. It is then poured into a flask and covered with 2x-4x the volume in dioxane. A stir bar is added and a distillation apparatus is outfitted on the mixture. It is then distilled with vigorous stirring. When the sodium is clearly visible on the surface of the liquid the stirring is reduced. When the height of the liquid is less than the diameter of the sodium globules the stirring is stopped completely. Distillation continues until dryness.
Once dry the heating is stopped and the sodium allowed to solidify. It can then be dislodged from the slag and stored under mineral oil. The sodium may additionally be cleaned by heating until molten under mineral to which a few drops of alcohol has been added. Light agitation may be applied to dislodge any residual slag.
Related videos:
How to make dioxane: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Zzrn-61XAY
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCrFFVVcPUI
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COOL
cool-science-restore-silver-with
How to restore old silver with aluminum foil or a battery by electrochemistry.
Old silver is often tarnished by a thin layer of silver sulfide that appears as a brown color. The silver sulfide can be electrochemically converted back into pure silver if a negative charge is applied.
To do this, first make a solution of equal parts baking soda and table salt (NaCl) and adding enough hot water until they dissolve. Then simply place a silver object in the solution and contact it with a large piece of aluminum foil. In a short time the silver will be restored.
A very cool way to do the same thing is to use a battery. Connect the negative end of the battery to the silver and the positive end to a large electrode, like a copper plate, and dip them both in the solution.
This process occurs due to electrochemical reduction of the silver sulfide to silver.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGCx9HZwYBo
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LAB U
lab-update-8-26-2014
Just a quick update of what i've been up to... basically just setting up a new lab.
Link to the Red Hot Nickel Ball in Liquid Nitrogen: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foHbYWpZOA8
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4gwhNryki0
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make-potassium-chlorate-from-bleach
How to Make Potassium Chlorate from Bleach and sodium-free salt.
Warning: This produces small amounts of chlorine gas, this should be done outside or in a fumehood.
Potassium chlorate is a useful oxidizer and small amounts can be easily made using household chemicals. Start by boiling a large quantity of household laundry bleach, at least half a liter, until crystals start to precipitate. Immediately take it off heating and let it cool. As it cools make a saturated solution of potassium chloride. Potassium chloride is sold as a "sodium-free" salt substitute. Now once the bleach is cooled, measure out an equal volume of potassium chloride solution and pour into the boiled bleach solution but do not mix in the crystals. Stir up the mixture and eventually potassium chlorate crystals will precipitate out.
What's happening is the sodium hypochlorite in the bleach is disproportionating to form sodium chloride and sodium chlorate. Adding the potassium chloride exchanges the ions and precipitates out potassium chlorate.
The boiling is required for this reaction to work; you can't simply let the bleach evaporate.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtxQT7aVDeg
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LAB N
lab-notes-terpin-hydrate-failures
In these lab notes we attempt terpin hydrate, urushibara nickel and explore sodium production with super-stoichiometric sodium hydroxide.
Related Videos:
"Hydrogenation: transform liquid oil into solid fat" by applied science: https://youtu.be/oqdDWA9-DSY
"Making Margarine: Edible Chem" by Nilered: https://youtu.be/drIm8_1CvjQ
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HAND
hand-in-hot-ice
In this video I stick my hand into a jar full of molten sodium acetate and have it crystallize with my hand inside.
This works because the substance is not "ice" as in water, but a different substance called sodium acetate trihydrate. Normally solid sodium acetate was melted into a liquid that was then supercooled to below its melting point. In this state, adding nucleation sites, like the crystals on my hand, rapidly causes the rest of the sodium acetate to crystallize.
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