Friedrich Nietzsche
Book: The Gay Science
God is dead
"God remains dead. And we have killed him. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under our knives: who will wipe this blood off us? What water is there for us to clean ourselves? What festivals of atonement, what sacred games shall we have to invent? Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us? Must we ourselves not become gods simply to appear worthy of it?"
Nietzsche boldly declares, "God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him." This proclamation isn't a literal event but a metaphor for the waning influence of religious beliefs and the erosion of a transcendent moral foundation in Western society. The assertion "we have killed him" intimates that humanity, propelled by advances in science, philosophy, and critical thinking, has dismantled traditional religious authority.
"How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers?" Nietzsche probes how, having dismantled traditional values and religious certainties, humanity can find solace or meaning in a world devoid of God as a guiding force. The phrase "murderers of all murderers" implies that challenging traditional beliefs represents the profound act of killing the ultimate source of moral authority.
"What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under our knives..." Nietzsche reflects on the demise of traditional values and the moral order that once unified society. The term "holiest and mightiest" denotes God or the transcendent moral framework. "Bled to death under our knives" symbolizes the gradual erosion of traditional beliefs through critical thought and secular progress.
"Who will wipe this blood off us? What water is there for us to clean ourselves?" Nietzsche poses questions of guilt and responsibility for rejecting traditional values. The blood represents the consequences of the 'death of God' on the collective conscience of humanity.
"What festivals of atonement, what sacred games shall we have to invent?" With the loss of religious rituals, Nietzsche wonders about the new communal expressions and shared values humanity will create to fill the void left by the decline of religious traditions.
"Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us? Must we ourselves not become gods simply to appear worthy of it?" Nietzsche contemplates whether humanity is ready for the profound philosophical and cultural shift initiated by questioning traditional values. The notion of becoming gods suggests the need for individuals to take on the responsibility of creating their own values and moral frameworks in the absence of traditional religious authority.
In essence, Nietzsche's text reflects on the repercussions of diminishing traditional religious beliefs and the significant challenges humanity confronts in redefining its values and moral framework in a post-religious era.
Painting by Caspar David Friedrich (Wanderer above the Sea of Fog)
Translated from German
Illustration by Laurent Guidali
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Paulo Coelho
Translated from Portuguese (Brazil)
??
Sometimes you have to travel a long
Way to find what is near
Illustration by Laurent Guidali
Painting by Garmash
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1 - 1 The concept of the collective unconscious
The concept of the collective unconscious in Carl Gustav Jung's analytical psychology is complex and profound.
Nature of the Collective Unconscious: The collective unconscious is a fundamental component of the unconscious, but it distinguishes itself from the personal unconscious. While the personal unconscious is shaped by each individual's unique experiences, the collective unconscious transcends these individual experiences and is considered a layer of the unconscious shared by all of humanity.
Universal Sharing: According to Jung, every human being, regardless of cultural, social, or geographical origin, has access to the collective unconscious. It is a psychic dimension common to the entire human race, and each individual is intrinsically connected to it.
Universal Archetypes: A crucial feature of the collective unconscious is the presence of archetypes. Archetypes are universal patterns, symbols, or images that manifest across cultures, myths, and artistic expressions. They represent fundamental themes and universal aspects of the human experience.
Generational Transmission: Jung believed that the collective unconscious is not acquired individually but rather transmitted from generation to generation. Archetypes, considered 'primordial images' inherited from our ancestors, influence how individuals perceive and understand the world since the beginning of humanity.
Cultural Resonance: The contents of the collective unconscious manifest through various cultural aspects such as myths, rituals, fairy tales, religious symbols, art, and literature. Jung studied comparative mythology to identify these common themes across different cultures.
Role in Individuation: The collective unconscious plays a crucial role in the process of individuation. According to Jung, individuation is the path to self-realization and involves the conscious integration of contents from the unconscious, including those from the collective unconscious. It is a process of becoming fully oneself.
Access through Symbols and Dreams: To explore the collective unconscious, Jung recommended the analysis of symbols, dreams, and artistic expressions. Symbols present in these manifestations can be interpreted as reflections of the contents of the collective unconscious and the archetypes residing therein.
Jung's collective unconscious represents a shared dimension of the human unconscious, profoundly influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. The archetypes that emerge from this layer of the unconscious are powerful forces shaping our collective understanding of existence.
Artwork by ?
illustration by Laurent Guidali
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Chloe Spatzierer
Mr. A & Mrs. B
(chapitre 1)
«These are shameful pleasures shared by ordinary people
Mr. A & Mrs. B,
At four o’clock in the morning,
In Paris,
on a roof,
heard the deafening silence of loving.
That night,
They swore to love each other for eternity.
But what is said at night never sees the day...»
Picture by KETEVAN GIORGADZE
illustration by Laurent Guidali
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Baruch Spinoza
“Love is pleasure accompanied by the idea of an external cause,
and hatred pain accompanied by the idea of an external cause.”
Painting by Fabian Perez
Illustration by Laurent Guidali
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Arthur Schopenhauer
Translated from German ??
“Talent hits a target no one else can hit.
Genius hits a target no one else can see.”
Painting by Anna Rose Bain
Modification by Laurent Guidali
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