Here we look at "simple" machines, and create one that checks whether the length of the given input is even or not. We consider how many states are needed, as well as the start state, and how to connect the states together. We conclude with another example as "homework". Contribute: Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/easytheory Discord: https://discord.gg/SD4U3hs Live Streaming (Saturdays, Sundays 2PM GMT): Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/easytheory (Youtube also) Mixer: https://mixer.com/easytheory Social Media: Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/easytheory/ Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/easytheory/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/EasyTheory Merch: Language Hierarchy Apparel: https://teespring.com/language-hierarchy?pid=2&cid=2122 Pumping Lemma Apparel: https://teespring.com/pumping-lemma-for-regular-lang If you like this content, please consider subscribing to my channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3VY6RTXegnoSD_q446oBdg?sub_confirmation=1 ▶ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS◀ 1. What does the machine given at the end do? 2. Can you make the machine at the end "simpler" in terms of number of states? ▶SEND ME THEORY QUESTIONS◀ ryan.e.dougherty@icloud.com ▶ABOUT ME◀ I am a professor of Computer Science, and am passionate about CS theory. I have taught over 12 courses at Arizona State University, as well as Colgate University, including several sections of undergraduate theory. ▶ABOUT THIS CHANNEL◀ The theory of computation is perhaps the fundamental theory of computer science. It sets out to define, mathematically, what exactly computation is, what is feasible to solve using a computer, and also what is not possible to solve using a computer. The main objective is to define a computer mathematically, without the reliance on real-world computers, hardware or software, or the plethora of programming languages we have in use today. The notion of a Turing machine serves this purpose and defines what we believe is the crux of all computable functions. This channel is also about weaker forms of computation, concentrating on two classes: regular languages and context-free languages. These two models help understand what we can do with restricted means of computation, and offer a rich theory using which you can hone your mathematical skills in reasoning with simple machines and the languages they define. However, they are not simply there as a weak form of computation--the most attractive aspect of them is that problems formulated on them are tractable, i.e. we can build efficient algorithms to reason with objects such as finite automata, context-free grammars and pushdown automata. For example, we can model a piece of hardware (a circuit) as a finite-state system and solve whether the circuit satisfies a property (like wh ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WWg_28jrmGw

Here we look at the question of how many DFAs with 3 states and unary alphabet (Σ = {0}) are possible. It turns out to be a somewhat surprising answer. We first calculate the number of possible DFAs, and then turn to the question of how many *different* regular languages are possible. Then we break this down into cases, depending on how many states are final and how many of those are reachable from the start state. We then can eliminate more cases by noting that DFAs that are just complements of each other (final states and non-final states flipped) only need to be considered once. Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/easytheory Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/easytheory/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/EasyTheory If you like this content, please consider subscribing to my channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3VY6RTXegnoSD_q446oBdg?sub_confirmation=1 ▶ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS◀ 1. What about for four-state DFAs? 2. What about two-state DFAs but Σ = {0, 1}? 3. What about three-state NFAs with Σ = {0}? 4. Is there a general formula for the number of DFAs with n states and an alphabet of size k? ▶SEND ME THEORY QUESTIONS◀ ryan.e.dougherty@icloud.com ▶ABOUT ME◀ I am a professor of Computer Science, and am passionate about CS theory. I have taught over 12 courses at Arizona State University, as well as Colgate University, including several sections of undergraduate theory. ▶ABOUT THIS CHANNEL◀ The theory of computation is perhaps the fundamental theory of computer science. It sets out to define, mathematically, what exactly computation is, what is feasible to solve using a computer, and also what is not possible to solve using a computer. The main objective is to define a computer mathematically, without the reliance on real-world computers, hardware or software, or the plethora of programming languages we have in use today. The notion of a Turing machine serves this purpose and defines what we believe is the crux of all computable functions. This channel is also about weaker forms of computation, concentrating on two classes: regular languages and context-free languages. These two models help understand what we can do with restricted means of computation, and offer a rich theory using which you can hone your mathematical skills in reasoning with simple machines and the languages they define. However, they are not simply there as a weak form of computation--the most attractive aspect of them is that problems formulated on them are tractable, i.e. we can build efficient algorithms to reason with objects such as finite automata, context-free grammars and pushdown automata. For example, we can model a piece of hardware (a circuit) as a finite-state system and solve whether the circuit satisfies a property (like whether it performs ad ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9C9YiMNrFE

Full Theory of Computation Lecture playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPaB-rpKhZ0&list=PLylTVsqZiRXMiTARmrsxCWU2RahyKB_Ae&index=1&t=1s Lecture "a la carte" playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO9Ho9Dpu8k&list=PLylTVsqZiRXP51EfJWv8cxD6wIFTZQD9_&index=1 Here we formalize the notion of a DFA computation, meaning what states are entered on a given string. We also define what an accepting computation is. Easy Theory Website: https://www.easytheory.org Become a member: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3VY6RTXegnoSD_q446oBdg/join Donation (appears on streams): https://streamlabs.com/easytheory1/tip Paypal: https://paypal.me/easytheory Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/easytheory Discord: https://discord.gg/SD4U3hs #easytheory Youtube Live Streaming (Sundays) - subscribe for when these occur. Social Media: Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/easytheory/ Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/easytheory/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/EasyTheory Merch: Language Hierarchy Apparel: https://teespring.com/language-hierarchy?pid=2&cid=2122 Pumping Lemma Apparel: https://teespring.com/pumping-lemma-for-regular-lang If you like this content, please consider subscribing to my channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3VY6RTXegnoSD_q446oBdg?sub_confirmation=1 ▶SEND ME THEORY QUESTIONS◀ ryan.e.dougherty@icloud.com ▶ABOUT ME◀ I am a professor of Computer Science, and am passionate about CS theory. I have taught many courses at several different universities, including several sections of undergraduate and graduate theory-level classes. ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHihJd-G7cc

Here we show that the union of two given context-free languages, {0^n 1^n 2^m 3^m} Union {0^n 1^m 2^m 3^n}, is also a context-free language. We give a context-free grammar for each of them, and derive a context-free grammar for their union. Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/easytheory Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/easytheory/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/EasyTheory If you like this content, please consider subscribing to my channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3VY6RTXegnoSD_q446oBdg?sub_confirmation=1 ▶ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS◀ 1. Would this work for the intersection of the two languages? 2. What about {0^n 1^m 2^n 3^m}? 3. Is this the smallest CFG for this language? ▶SEND ME THEORY QUESTIONS◀ ryan.e.dougherty@icloud.com ▶ABOUT ME◀ I am a professor of Computer Science, and am passionate about CS theory. I have taught over 12 courses at Arizona State University, as well as Colgate University, including several sections of undergraduate theory. ▶ABOUT THIS CHANNEL◀ The theory of computation is perhaps the fundamental theory of computer science. It sets out to define, mathematically, what exactly computation is, what is feasible to solve using a computer, and also what is not possible to solve using a computer. The main objective is to define a computer mathematically, without the reliance on real-world computers, hardware or software, or the plethora of programming languages we have in use today. The notion of a Turing machine serves this purpose and defines what we believe is the crux of all computable functions. This channel is also about weaker forms of computation, concentrating on two classes: regular languages and context-free languages. These two models help understand what we can do with restricted means of computation, and offer a rich theory using which you can hone your mathematical skills in reasoning with simple machines and the languages they define. However, they are not simply there as a weak form of computation--the most attractive aspect of them is that problems formulated on them are tractable, i.e. we can build efficient algorithms to reason with objects such as finite automata, context-free grammars and pushdown automata. For example, we can model a piece of hardware (a circuit) as a finite-state system and solve whether the circuit satisfies a property (like whether it performs addition of 16-bit registers correctly). We can model the syntax of a programming language using a grammar, and build algorithms that check if a string parses according to this grammar. On the other hand, most problems that ask properties about Turing machines are undecidable. This Youtube channel will help you see and prove that several tasks involving Turing machines are unsolvable---i.e., no computer, no software, can so ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zM3bKd-9334