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Monoclonal Antibody Therapy | Immunotherapy | Immunity | Basic Science Series
Monoclonal Antibody Therapy | Immunotherapy | Immunity | Basic Science Series
In this video we will discuss how monoclonal antibody works against tumor cells and what are the different ways the mAbs target the cancer cells.
Monoclonal Antibody,
Cancer Immunotherapy,
Inhibition of cancer by monoclonal antibodies,
Tumor cell target by monoclonal antibodies,
Cetuximab,
Avastin,
Pertuzumab,
Rituximab,
Herceptin,
mAb,
Anti CD20 antibody,
AntiPD L1 mAb ,
Immunity,
Immune cells,
Cancer cells,
Tumor,
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Disclaimer: The information provided is for educational purposes only. The content of this channel should not be considered as medical advice of any kind. Use this information at your own risk. We hold no responsibility for any issue, concerns, or damage arising from the content of the video. Under no circumstances this channel be responsible or liable in any way for any content, including but not limited to, any errors or omissions in the content, any loss, any damage of any kind incurred as a result of any content communicated in this video, whether by this channel or a third party. In no event shall this channel be liable for any special indirect or consequential damages of any damages whatsoever resulting from the content of the channel.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tct7G3vUa08
In this video we will discuss how monoclonal antibody works against tumor cells and what are the different ways the mAbs target the cancer cells.
Monoclonal Antibody,
Cancer Immunotherapy,
Inhibition of cancer by monoclonal antibodies,
Tumor cell target by monoclonal antibodies,
Cetuximab,
Avastin,
Pertuzumab,
Rituximab,
Herceptin,
mAb,
Anti CD20 antibody,
AntiPD L1 mAb ,
Immunity,
Immune cells,
Cancer cells,
Tumor,
Twitter: https://twitter.com/basic_series
Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/742235929758671
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/basic-science-series-a54439208/
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Support my work at https://www.patreon.com/user?u=37177596
Disclaimer: The information provided is for educational purposes only. The content of this channel should not be considered as medical advice of any kind. Use this information at your own risk. We hold no responsibility for any issue, concerns, or damage arising from the content of the video. Under no circumstances this channel be responsible or liable in any way for any content, including but not limited to, any errors or omissions in the content, any loss, any damage of any kind incurred as a result of any content communicated in this video, whether by this channel or a third party. In no event shall this channel be liable for any special indirect or consequential damages of any damages whatsoever resulting from the content of the channel.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tct7G3vUa08
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INFLA
inflammation-immune-system-csir-ugc-net
Inflammation| Immune System | CSIR-UGC NET Exam | Basic Science Series
#CSIR-UGCNETExamPreparation
In this video we will discuss the process of inflammation in detail.
Keywords:
Local inflammation,
Tissue damage,
Bacteria,
Chemoattractants,
Vasoactive,
High blood flow,
Tissue injury,
Capillary permeability,
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Disclaimer: The information provided is for educational purposes only. The content of this channel should not be considered as medical advice of any kind. Use this information at your own risk. We hold no responsibility for any issue, concerns, or damage arising from the content of the video. Under no circumstances this channel be responsible or liable in any way for any content, including but not limited to, any errors or omissions in the content, any loss, any damage of any kind incurred as a result of any content communicated in this video, whether by this channel or a third party. In no event shall this channel be liable for any special indirect or consequential damages of any damages whatsoever resulting from the content of the channel.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzWhVoxGlB4
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MITOS
mitosis-lecture-06-metaphase-mitosis
Mitosis Lecture-06 | Metaphase | Mitosis | Cell Division | Cell Biology | Basic Science Series
Metaphase,
What is metaphase stage,
How metaphase is regulated,
Mitosis stages,
All mitosis stages,
Cell cycle,
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Disclaimer: The information provided is for educational purposes only. The content of this channel should not be considered as medical advice of any kind. Use this information at your own risk. We hold no responsibility for any issue, concerns, or damage arising from the content of the video. Under no circumstances this channel be responsible or liable in any way for any content, including but not limited to, any errors or omissions in the content, any loss, any damage of any kind incurred as a result of any content communicated in this video, whether by this channel or a third party. In no event shall this channel be liable for any special indirect or consequential damages of any damages whatsoever resulting from the content of the channel.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zClvANQdsPo
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SHAPE
shapes-of-gram-positive-microorganisms
Shapes of Gram-Positive Microorganisms | Shapes of Bacterial cells | Cocci | Bacilli | Basic Science Series
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and it is a usual member of the microbiota of the body.
Streptococcus pyogenes is a species of Gram-positive, an aerotolerant bacterium in the genus Streptococcus. Found in chains.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacteria, alpha-hemolytic or beta-hemolytic, member, of the genus Streptococcus. Found in pairs.
Enterococcus faecalis: Cocci in clusters, gram-positive, short chains, diplococci, and single cocci.
Sarcina is a genus of Gram-positive cocci bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. pack or bundle, after the cuboidal (2x2x2) shape on this bacteria.
Bacillus cereus is a 1 x 3-4 µm, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium.
Clostridium is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming pathogenic bacterium.
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HOW T
how-to-write-research-papers-research
How to write research papers | Research Work | Basic Science Series
Research paper, Academic writing, Writing a research paper, Research paper writing, Thesis writing, Academic research, How to write a research paper, Paper writing, Writing process, Writing tips, Research skills, Critical thinking, Literature review, Research methodology, Scholarly writing, Research sources, Topic selection, Research outline, Writing structure, Writing skills, Editing, Proofreading, Writing tools, Academic skills, Writing techniques, Organizing research, Academic resources, Writing support, Writing guidance, Research techniques, Effective writing, Citation styles, Research paper format, Writing strategies, Research strategies, Writing advice, Research advice, Academic guidance, Academic resources, Research guidance, Academic writing tips, Writing clarity, Writing fluency, Academic success, Effective communication, Writing assistance, Academic writing structure, Thesis development, Writing conventions, Academic writing format.
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Disclaimer: The information provided is for educational purposes only. The content of this channel should not be considered as medical advice of any kind. Use this information at your own risk. We hold no responsibility for any issue, concerns, or damage arising from the content of the video. Under no circumstances this channel be responsible or liable in any way for any content, including but not limited to, any errors or omissions in the content, any loss, any damage of any kind incurred as a result of any content communicated in this video, whether by this channel or a third party. In no event shall this channel be liable for any special indirect or consequential damages of any damages whatsoever resulting from the content of the channel.
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AUTOI
autoinducing-peptides-(aip)-in
Autoinducing Peptides (AIP) in Staphylococcus Quorum Sensing
Welcome to the captivating realm of bacterial communication, where Autoinducing Peptides (AIPs) take center stage in the intricate dance of Staphylococcus quorum sensing. In this enlightening exploration, we delve into the molecular choreography that underlies the phenomenon of bacterial communities coordinating their actions based on population density.
At the heart of this biological symphony lies the fascinating world of AIPs. These small molecules, typically composed of 7-9 amino acids, serve as the messengers of Staphylococcus quorum sensing. Produced and released by bacterial cells into the extracellular environment, AIPs play a pivotal role in initiating a cascade of events as the bacterial population density rises. It is at the critical threshold of AIP concentration that a series of orchestrated responses are triggered, regulating gene expression within the community.
To understand the mechanics of this process, we turn our attention to the accessory gene regulator (agr) operon, a central player in Staphylococcus quorum sensing. The structural design of the agr operon varies among different Staphylococcus species, contributing to the specificity of the signaling process. Within this operon, the agr locus encodes essential elements for quorum sensing: the transmembrane histidine kinase AgrC and the response regulator AgrA.
The two-component signal transduction system, comprised of AgrC and AgrA, lies at the core of quorum sensing. AgrC, acting as a sensor for extracellular AIPs, undergoes autophosphorylation and phosphotransfer events upon AIP binding. This leads to the activation of AgrA, the response regulator, which, in its phosphorylated form, acts as a transcription factor, modulating the expression of target genes. These genes, under the control of the Agr system, encode various virulence factors and regulatory components, allowing the bacterial community to adapt its behavior based on population density.
What adds an extra layer of intrigue to Staphylococcus quorum sensing is the diversity in AIP structures and the specificity of the agr system. Different Staphylococcus species produce distinct AIPs, ensuring that communication is finely tailored within species. This specificity arises from variations in the amino acid sequences of the AIPs and their cognate receptors. The diversity extends further, with Staphylococcus species classified into different agr types based on sequence variability within their agr loci. Each agr type represents a unique set of AIPs and receptor specificities, contributing to the complexity and adaptability of Staphylococcus quorum sensing networks.
In summary, the interplay between AIPs and the Agr system forms the core of Staphylococcus quorum sensing. These signaling molecules and the associated regulatory elements not only enable bacterial communication but also provide a fascinating target for understanding and potentially manipulating microbial behavior.
Keywords:
Autoinducing Peptides, AIP, Staphylococcus Quorum Sensing, bacterial communication, agr operon, two-component signal transduction, AgrC, AgrA, gene expression regulation, virulence factors, quorum sensing networks, AIP structures, agr types, autoinduction, autorepression, microbial behavior, basic science, bacterial community, signaling molecules, molecular biology, microbial communication, bacterial adaptation, population density, scientific research, microbiology.
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Disclaimer: The information provided is for educational purposes only. The content of this channel should not be considered as medical advice of any kind. Use this information at your own risk. We hold no responsibility for any issue, concerns, or damage arising from the content of the video. Under no circumstances this channel be responsible or liable in any way for any content, including but not limited to, any errors or omissions in the content, any loss, any damage of any kind incurred as a result of any content communicated in this video, whether by this channel or a third party. In no event shall this channel be liable for any special indirect or consequential damages of any damages whatsoever resulting from the content of the channel.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXXVLU7Dh-w
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EVOLU
evolution-and-types-of-beta-lactamases
This episode is dedicated to the types of beta-lactamases including TEM, SHV, SHV, CTX-M, OXA, and Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase i.e ESBL. In the previous episode we already have discussed the basics of beta-lactamases.
DNA molecule has information in triplet codes and each code gives the information of particular amino acid and a stretch of DNA that encodes a protein is called the gene for that protein and for beta-lactamase there are 5 major types genes that are responsible for the synthesis of beta-lactamase enzyme. These are TEM, SHV, CTX-M, OXA, and ESBL. Although they are different they are originated form a common ancestor beta-lactamase gene.
Gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1
SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance.
CTX-M beta-lactamases (class A), These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. More than 80 CTX-M enzymes are currently known. There are sub-variants in this group and CTX-M-14, CTX-M-3, and CTX-M-2 are the most widespread.
OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D. These have been found in E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and other Enterobacteriaceae, the OXA-type have been found mainly in P. aeruginosa.
Commonly express plasmid-encoded β-lactamases that we have discussed previously confer resistance only to penicillin, not to other related antibiotics. But In the mid-1980s, a new group of enzymes, the extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). ESBLs are beta-lactamases that hydrolyze extended-spectrum cephalosporins including cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime. Thus ESBLs confer multi-resistance to these antibiotics and related oxyimino-beta lactams. In typical circumstances, they derive from genes for TEM and SHV by mutations that alter the amino acid configuration around the active site of these β-lactamases.
I have already mentioned this in the previous episode of antibiotic resistance, Estimates says that 700,000 to several million deaths result per year due to antibiotic resistance mainly due to the action of these enzymes making antibiotic therapy ineffective. New and new variants of these enzymes are evolving due to random mutations. More we misuse antibiotics more enzymes will be produced
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmohQZCx3VQ
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GENE
gene-optimization-protein-expression
Gene Optimization | Protein expression | Molecular Biology | Protein | Gene | Basic Science Series
This presentation will help you to understand the basic concepts of protein expression; it will also help you to improve the purification strategy for better expression of your desired protein in E.coli expression system. please subscribe to the channel for new episodes.
• There are several steps involved in protein manufacturing at the laboratory scale in E.coli. The first step is gene optimization. Here we will focus only on the optimization of gene sequence for E.coli.
• Let's discuss what is gene optimization and why we need it. Living cells use a set of rules called the “genetic code” to translate genetic information encoded in DNA and mRNA into proteins. The code consists of nucleotide triplets, called codons, that specify which amino acid should be added to the growing chain of a peptide during protein synthesis.
•
• There are 64 different codons. 61 of them encode the 20 standard amino acids, while another 3 functions as stop codons. The greater number of codons relative to the number of amino acids they code for means that a single amino acid can be encoded by more than one codon. Indeed, some common amino acids, such as arginine and leucine, are encoded by as many as 6 codons.
•
• Different organisms exhibit a bias towards use of certain codons over others for the same amino acid. Some species are known to avoid certain codons almost entirely. Therefore, it is important to consider codon optimization when performing expression studies.
• While numerous factors contribute to the success of protein expression, codon optimization plays a critical role, particularly when proteins are expressed in a heterologous system. As an example, if a human gene is to be expressed in E. coli, choosing codons preferentially used by the bacterium can increase the success of protein expression.
• This is particularly true when rare codons are eliminated. The frequencies with which the different codons appear in genes in E. coli are different from those in genes derived from other organisms. Therefore, various genes that contain codons, which are rare in E. coli, may be inefficiently expressed by this organism. Rare codons can cause premature termination of the synthesized protein or disincorporation of amino acids.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10EtO9-XCxU
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CHAND
chandrayaan-2-gslv-i-orbiter-vikram
Chandrayaan-2 would have made India the fourth country to soft-land a probe on the Moon, following USSR, USA, and China. The main scientific objective of Chandrayaan 2 was to map the location and abundance of lunar water. Chandrayaan 2 mission had four major components: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover.
• Chandrayaan 2 mission had four major components: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover.
• Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle GSLV Mk III (GSLV-F10) was used for this mission.
•
• GSLVB Mk III is a medium-lift launch vehicle developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
• he GSLV-III has a higher payload capacity than the similarly named GSLV Mk 2.
• ISRO successfully conducted the first orbital test launch of GSLV-III on 5 June 2017.
• In June 2018, the Union Cabinet approved ₹4,338 crores (US$630 million) to build 10 GSLV Mk-III rockets over a five-year period.
• 2nd component of chandrayaan was the orbiter. It is a space probe orbits a planet or other astronomical object.
• The weight of orbiter was 2379 kg, power generation capacity was 1000 W.
• The orbiter is equipped with different kinds of cameras to create high-resolution three-dimensional maps of the surface, would remain in orbit for a year.
• The mission’s lander is called Vikram named after Vikram Sarabhai who is widely regarded as the father of the Indian space program.
• It is the first time that ISRO is attempting to soft-land a module in extra-terrestrial space.
• To enable a smooth landing, the speed of the Lander just ahead of touchdown should be 1 m/s (3.6 km/h) or less.
• The objective of Lander is mainly to study the moon’s atmosphere and look out for seismic activity.
• The mission’s rover is called Pragyan means Wisdom.
• The rover’s mass was about 27 kg (60 lb) and operates on solar power.
• he 6-wheeled, AI Solar-powered rover was designed, developed and build indigenously by ISRO
• The primary objective will be to study the composition of the surface near the lunar landing site and determine the abundance of various elements.
The Indian Space Research Organization launched Chandrayaan-2 on July 22; it reached the moon’s orbit on August 20. It spent two weeks lowering its orbit in steps. The lander, named Vikram Began its journey to the moon on the morning of September 1, local time. Moments before it was expected to touch down on the surface, communications were lost.
Vikram's final vertical velocity seems to have been around 58 meters per second from 330 meters above the surface––quite fast for a lunar landing. ISRO chief K. Sivan later said the lander
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um2LQo8qPU8
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BIOFI
biofilm-the-city-of-microbes
In this chapter, we will know about Microbial biofilm: The city of Microbes. We will discuss in detail about biofilm, the structure of biofilm, mechanism of formation of biofilm, cell communication in biofilms, and different stages of biofilm formation. Please like and share the presentation among students and young researchers. In this presentation, the artwork is done by Dr. Lokender Kumar.
The information was collected from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm.
• These cells are embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular substances. This extracellular substance acts as cementing material to keep the structure of biofilm intact. Extracellular substances include polysaccharides, protein, lipids, and DNA which is deoxyribonucleic acid.
• Because of their three-dimensional structure they are called cities of microbes.
• Biofilm may form on living as well as on non-living material and can be present in almost every environment conditions including natural, industry, and hospital.
• In a distance biofilms look like hydrogen but these more complex than that. These are not just a layer they are coordinated functional communities where even these bacteria talk to each other and respond using chemical signal molecules.
•
• Let's discuss the stages of biofilm formation. There are five distinct stages of biofilm formation. Stage-1: Initial attachment. this stage starts with the attachment of free-floating cells to a solid surface. At first cells might attach the surface by weak Vander wall forces. These forces are physical forces between atom and molecules and there is no chemical interaction present. Using these forces bacteria make their initial attachment to the solid surface.
• Stage-2 is Irreversible attachment. In this stage if the initial attachment process is successful bacteria use cell adhesion structures to attach tightly to the surface. The most important cell surface structure is pilli. Pilli are the hair-like structure found on the surface of many bacteria. Another property of bacterial cells that helps in this attachment is hydrophobicity. Hydrophobicity is the property of a molecule that quantifies how much a molecule is repelled by the water. Most of the time biofilms are formed in moist environments so hydrophobicity helps the cells to get repelled by the water environment and forced to remain close to the solid surface.
• Stage-3 is the Initial maturation of biofilm. Here cell communication or quorum sensing plays a very important role. At this stage microbial cells secrete small chemical signal molecules that are also detected by the same microbial cells. The amount of these molecules determines the number of microbial cells present in the surrounding. When the amount of this
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