1. Holding Company - A holding company is a parent company — usually a corporation or LLC — that is created to buy and control the ownership interests of other companies. 2. Associate Company-share stake of holding company from 20% to 50% 3. Subsidiary Company- Share state of holding company more than 51% 4. Joint Ventures vs Associates: While both joint ventures and associates involve shared ownership, joint ventures often involve two or more companies forming a new entity to pursue a specific project or business, while associates typically involve one company investing in another existing company.