What is ELECTRON-REFRACTIVE EFFECT? What does ELECTRON-REFRACTIVE EFFECT mean? ELECTRON-REFRACTIVE EFFECT meaning - ELECTRON-REFRACTIVE EFFECT definition - ELECTRON-REFRACTIVE EFFECT explanation. The electron-refractive effect or Electron Induced Permittivity Modification (EIPM) is an electro-optic effect observed in some crystals and amorphous materials, such as chalcogenide glasses and oxides, where the permittivity reduces or increases when the material is illuminated by high energy electrons, typically from an transmission electron microscope or scanning electron microscope. The effect is non-linear and reversible. The effect was observed by N. Normand and O. Normand., who observed that the permittivity, of chalcogenide glass increased by as much as 5% when irradiated with an electron gun in the 30keV range; they also noticed that the change was accompanied by a change in the thickness of the film. Recently San-Roman-Alerigi, Anjum and Ooi, demonstrated that the permittivity of chalcogenide thin films could also be reduced by as much as 50% when the sample was illuminated by 300keV electrons; moreover they also demonstrated that the electron induced permittivity modification was reversible. The change in permittivity occurs because of the disruption in the atomic structure of the materials. That is, the changes are due to the breaking of bonds and re-bonding within the atomic structure of the amorphous or crystalline structures. This modification in turn modifies the carrier traps within the band structure, reducing them, and hence ensuing the decrement in the permittivity This contrasts with the photorefractive effect where the change is induced by the alteration in the electron distribution due to the photon-absorption. ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXig0x25DDo

English Premier League historical points race. 130 years of football league, 1888-89 to 2018-19. Find out who started as champs and who joined later. Some surprising things you're going to find, some clubs you might think are very historic joined the race pretty late and some you might think have zero history were around for long. The points were counted as they happened. Until 1980. the win was 2 points and after that it is 3 points. If tables were adjusted for 3 points per win for the whole history, there would be some differences on the final table, as teams like Manchester United, Chelsea and Tottenham gained a lot by having some of their best times since wins are counted 3 points. SO, Everton would be in front of United and City would be in front of Tottenham and Chelsea. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tiJyHCHBz4

What is DIGITAL SIGNAL 0? What does DIGITAL SIGNAL 0 mean? DIGITAL SIGNAL 0 meaning - DIGITAL SIGNAL 0 definition - DIGITAL SIGNAL 0 explanation. Digital Signal 0 (DS0) is a basic digital signaling rate of 64 kilobits per second (kbit/s), corresponding to the capacity of one analog voice-frequency-equivalent communication channel. The DS0 rate, and its equivalents E0 in the E-carrier system and T0 in the T-carrier system, form the basis for the digital multiplex transmission hierarchy in telecommunications systems used in North America, Europe, Japan, and the rest of the world, for both the early plesiochronous systems such as T-carrier and for modern synchronous systems such as SDH/SONET. The DS0 rate was introduced to carry a single digitized voice call. For a typical phone call, the audio sound is digitized at an 8 kHz sample rate, or 8000 samples per second, using 8-bit pulse-code modulation for each of the samples. This results in a data rate of 64 kbit/s. Because of its fundamental role in carrying a single phone call, the DS0 rate forms the basis for the digital multiplex transmission hierarchy in telecommunications systems used in North America. To limit the number of wires required between two involved in exchanging voice calls, a system was built in which multiple DS0s are multiplexed together on higher capacity circuits. In this system, twenty-four (24) DS0s are multiplexed into a DS1 signal. Twenty-eight (28) DS1s are multiplexed into a DS3. When carried over copper wire, this is the well-known T-carrier system, with T1 and T3 corresponding to DS1 and DS3, respectively. Besides its use for voice communications, the DS0 rate may support twenty 2.4 kbit/s channels, ten 4.8 kbit/s channels, five 9.67 kbit/s channels, one 56 kbit/s channel, or one 64 kbit/s clear channel. ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zam_a6MGBgI

What is AQUATIC TIMING SYSTEM? What does AQUATIC TIMING SYSTEM mean? AQUATIC TIMING SYSTEM meaning - AQUATIC TIMING SYSTEM definition - AQUATIC TIMING SYSTEM explanation. Aquatic timing systems are designed to automate the process of timing, judging, and scoring in competitive swimming and other aquatic sports, including diving, water polo, and synchronised swimming. These systems are also used in the training of athletes, and many add-on products have been developed to assist with the training process. Prior to the 1950s, competitive swimmers relied on the sound of a starting pistol to start their races and mechanical stopwatches to record their times at the end of a race. Unfortunately, these analog watches could not record times accurately beyond one tenth (0.1) of a second. The invention of automatic timing systems brought more accuracy and credibility to aquatic sports. ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIY04solXAo