We show how to make glow sticks and go through all the chemicals needed as well as how to make different colors. We also talk about the chemistry and scientifically research a proposed mechanism.
To make the glow stick mix together the following:
In this video we make a Tritium Nuclear Battery. This is also known as a Radioisotope Photovoltaic Generator.
This is not like the more common Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators used on spacecraft as this does not use thermoelectric elements for the energy conversion portion.
The key component is luminous tritium vials. You can find them on online shopping networks as "Tritium Vials" or "Tritium lights".
These lights are simply attached to an amorphous solar cell to produce electricity. More efficient monocrystalline solar cells cannot be used as they are ironically less efficient at the low light levels the vials produces.
The device in the video using 14 tritium vials of 22.5mm x 3mm in size produced 1.23 microwatts at the maximum powerpoint of 1.6 volts.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKdzhPiOqqg
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This video is sponsored by:
Simon Drew
Kevin S
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Scott Malcheski
advisable
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayIecBl3zoY
In this video we make p-chlorophenyl acetonitrile from the p-chlorobenzyl chloride and the sodium cyanide in a previous video.
( Complete pyrimethamine playlist so far: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLU79801KtVAU1XsTwHaKkqQoBgz_VYmPS )
Fortunately this is a very mild process and doesn't need exotic conditions like ultraviolet light or high temperatures.
We reflux together 7.2g of potassium iodide, 19g of sodium cyanide, 50g of p-chlorobenzyl chloride and 250mL of dry acetone for at least one full day.
What happens is the iodide replaces the benzylic chloride on the p-chlorobenzyl chloride in a reaction known as the Finkelstein reaction. This highly reactive p-chlorobenzyl iodide now reacts with sodium cyanide to form p-chlorobenzyl cyanide, or p-chlorophenyl acetonitrile.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15ZkhhJcXXk
Glassware generously provided by http://www.alchemylabsupply.com/
Use the discount code "copper" for a 5% discount.
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In this video we construct and demonstrate a Dean-Stark trap. A very useful piece of equipment when distilling azeotropic mixtures of immisicble liquids.
This video has been generously supported by the following sponsors:
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxgpLp279Yc
In this video we show how to make potassium chlorate from potassium chloride by electrolysis.
For the anode, carbon, platinum or mixed metal oxide works best. For the cathode, almost any metal can be used but titanium is preferred.
The electrodes are simply inserted into a solution of potassium chloride salt and a current is passed through. The anode is the positive connection while the cathode is the negative connection. The current should be adjusted to match the surface of the electrode. For carbon that's around 40ma/cm^2, for platinum 300ma/cm^2, for mixed metal oxide 200ma/cm^2. You can use less current for lower heating and wear but the production will take longer.
The electrolysis must be kept in a well ventilated area since it produces hydrogen gas as well as small amounts of chlorine gas.
As the reaction progresses the potassium chlorate will precipitate our and the potassium chloride will be depleted. This has the overall effect of lowering the solution concentration. Every so often the salts must be topped up. Saturated potassium chloride solution has a density of 1.16g/mL. I recommend adding more potassium chloride salt when the density drifts below 1.1g/mL
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Enf76lBNUIY
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Magnetism on chemical reactions:
http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2009/pdf/8101x0019.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC393429/pdf/pnas00628-0308.pdf
http://web.stanford.edu/group/boxer/papers/paper26.pdf
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Bgnj_bgE9w
In this video we're going to test for lead using the potassium rhodizonate we made in a previous video.
Warning: Lead is neurotoxic, wear gloves when handling anything suspected to contain it.
Dissolve as much as possible of 0.3g of potassium rhodizonate in 100 mL of 5% acetic acid solution. Apply this solution to absorbent paper and rub it onto the item to be tested for lead. A violent, purple, or brown color is strong indication of lead.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eiJNAxPYK04