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Increasing Dynamic Range + Wave Winners
Say goodbye to noise floors: how to boost your dynamic range on a VNA
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Today's tip is all about how to increase the dynamic range of a network analyzer. The dynamic range is critical for making VNA measurements and getting your signals above the noise floor of your vector network analyzer.
All whitepapers and app notes available here:
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When you’re looking at network analyzers, dynamic range is always one of the most prominently featured specifications. But what actually is dynamic range, and what does it do for you?
The textbook definition of dynamic range is “the difference between the network analyzer receiver's maximum input power and the minimum measurable power”.
Okay.
So what does that actually mean? I’ll illustrate dynamic range conceptually, then we’ll see how that ties back to the network analyzer.
I have a message on two pages here, and I want to capture them both in a photo. If I do a fast shutter speed, the camera quickly takes in light then shuts. I’ve captured one page, but not the other. This is like if I’m able to see the high-power portions of a signal, but the low power portions are lost in the noise. I don’t have the dynamic range to see the whole signal.
Now if I make the shutter stay open longer, the camera takes in more light, giving me visibility into the darker, noisy regions. I can now see the full signal!
Looking at the pictures side by side, we can see the second one has better dynamic range because more of the subject is visible, from the bright areas to the darker areas.
Let’s apply this concept to a real network analyzer trace. Here we’re looking at the S21 trace of a bandpass filter. S21 means we’re measuring at port 2 what’s coming from port 1, so this trace shows us which frequencies get through the filter.
You’ll notice in the stopband, where the test signal does not pass through the filter, the trace is noisy. This part of the trace is called the noise floor. You can think of it as the dark part of the photos I took earlier. It’s the power level at which the network analyzer cannot distinguish the test signal from the noise. The noise floor is the lower bound of the dynamic range of this measurement.
In the passband, indicate
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQyhgclfQtI
Sign up now for the Wave giveaway: http://bit.ly/YTWave2020
Click to subscribe! ► http://bit.ly/KLabs_sub ◄
Wave 2020 overview: http://bit.ly/Wave2020Blog
Today's tip is all about how to increase the dynamic range of a network analyzer. The dynamic range is critical for making VNA measurements and getting your signals above the noise floor of your vector network analyzer.
All whitepapers and app notes available here:
http://bit.ly/YTWave2020
Helpful Links:
Keysight Bench Facebook page:
https://www.facebook.com/keysightbench
Keysight RF Facebook page:
https://www.facebook.com/keysightrf
EEs Talk Tech Electrical Engineering podcast:
https://www.eestalktech.com
https://www.youtube.com/KeysightPodcasts
Check out our blog:
http://bit.ly/KeysTechBlogs
Twitter: @DanielBogdanoff:
https://twitter.com/DanielBogdanoff
When you’re looking at network analyzers, dynamic range is always one of the most prominently featured specifications. But what actually is dynamic range, and what does it do for you?
The textbook definition of dynamic range is “the difference between the network analyzer receiver's maximum input power and the minimum measurable power”.
Okay.
So what does that actually mean? I’ll illustrate dynamic range conceptually, then we’ll see how that ties back to the network analyzer.
I have a message on two pages here, and I want to capture them both in a photo. If I do a fast shutter speed, the camera quickly takes in light then shuts. I’ve captured one page, but not the other. This is like if I’m able to see the high-power portions of a signal, but the low power portions are lost in the noise. I don’t have the dynamic range to see the whole signal.
Now if I make the shutter stay open longer, the camera takes in more light, giving me visibility into the darker, noisy regions. I can now see the full signal!
Looking at the pictures side by side, we can see the second one has better dynamic range because more of the subject is visible, from the bright areas to the darker areas.
Let’s apply this concept to a real network analyzer trace. Here we’re looking at the S21 trace of a bandpass filter. S21 means we’re measuring at port 2 what’s coming from port 1, so this trace shows us which frequencies get through the filter.
You’ll notice in the stopband, where the test signal does not pass through the filter, the trace is noisy. This part of the trace is called the noise floor. You can think of it as the dark part of the photos I took earlier. It’s the power level at which the network analyzer cannot distinguish the test signal from the noise. The noise floor is the lower bound of the dynamic range of this measurement.
In the passband, indicate
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQyhgclfQtI
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When using a triple output power supply, it can sometimes be risky to simple turn on all the outputs. A lot of devices need to be powered up in a very specific order – or you could damage them. Today, we’re going to look at a way to protect your device using a power supply mode called sequencing.
Hi I’m Daniel Bogdanoff, and I’m here with Bill Griffith on of our Power Supply folks here at Keysight.
Many devices or models require multiple bias or rail voltages, and devices such as an FPGA require the voltages to turn on and off in a set sequence. If you’re working with devices that have specific timing requirements, you’ll want to use a power supply with power sequencing.
Thanks for having me! Power supply sequencing allows you to automatically set voltage outputs and delays according to a pre-scripted pattern of your choosing. This means you won’t have to manually turn on different channels or manually set output voltages – helping you avoid accidental damage.
So, let’s look at how to set up power sequencing – we’re going to use the E36312A, if you’re using a different supply your menus will look different. Also, instead of powering up an FPGA or board – we’re going to use these lights Bill brought with him, so it’ll be obvious when power is applied.
The first step is to set up each output for the correct voltage and current limit. This power supply’s three outputs are all independent and isolated, so it’s easy to set the voltages and not worry about having a common ground.
Once we’ve done that, it’s time to set our delays. I’ll Configure the “On Delay” and “Off Delay” for each channel. The on delay is how long it waits to turn on after you start the sequence, and the off delay is how long it waits once you initiate the end of the sequence.
The delays can be set with millisecond resolution but realize the power outputs take 10 to 50 ms to reach their programmed voltage. We’re using rather long delays, so we can see each output turn-on and then off.
Now that everything’s setup, we’re ready to connect to our light and start our sequence. I’ll press the “on all” button. You can see the outputs turn on with their respective delays.
Likewise, you can turn off all the outputs and see the turnoff delays. Some device can be damaged if they are not powered down in the correct order.
What if you need more than three voltages? You can couple
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQQpscCFEts
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Be sure your oscilloscope doesn’t produce too much noise!
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Learn more about noise and other important signal integrity considerations:
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In this episode of Exposing Signal Integrity Myths, you will learn about vertical noise and what you can do to be sure it isn’t affecting your measurements. Even though vertical noise is technically not fixable, it is possible to measure around it.
Understanding what noise is coming from your device versus what is coming from the oscilloscope is critical if you want a fully functional device. Vertical noise is often overlooked, but it can cause significant problems like amplitude measurement errors, waveform reconstruction uncertainty, timing errors and jitter, or undesirably “fat” waveforms.
By the end of this episode, you will understand what it is that causes vertical noise, how you can check the noise floor of an oscilloscope, and how you can measure around it.
Tune in for future Exposing Signal Integrity Myths episodes covering more common misconceptions around signal integrity.
You can ask me questions on Instagram: @keysightoscilloscopes
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The mixed signal oscilloscope we used:
http://www.keysight.com/en/pcx-x205213/infiniium-s-series-oscilloscopes?cc=US&lc=eng
(The Keysight Infiniium S-Series Oscilloscope)
The S-Series allows you to see the truest representation of your signal with the industry’s best signal integrity: 10-bit ADC, low noise front end, superior time base, signal processing in hardware, and responsive deep memory.
Exposing Signal Integrity Myths is hosted by Erin East. The video series dives into various misconceptions around oscilloscope signal integrity. In watching this series, you will learn about the important considerations for determining an oscilloscope’s true measurement quality. Understanding the system as a whole will give you visibility into the true performance of your device.
#NoiseFloor #SignalIntegrity #ExposingSignalIntegrityMyths #Oscilloscope #HowTo #Engineering #ElectricalEngineering #Tutorial #Basics #Electronics #ElectricalEngineers #scopespecs #oscilloscope
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In this live cast from Keysight Oscilloscope HQ, we'll be drawing the fourth oscilloscope winner, revealing a special 1-day-only offer and more!
Today's oscilloscope drawing is for a 2.5 GHz 6000 X-Series oscilloscope (MSOX6004A)
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Accurately capture long time spans of data with oscilloscope segmented memory
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Traditionally on an oscilloscope when you capture a long span of data, you sacrifice measurement accuracy. Which means when you zoom back in on that signal, you can’t make accurate measurements because the signal is distorted. Oscilloscope segmented memory is the only solution to this. It allows you to capture hundreds of packets or pulses, while keeping the highest oscilloscope sample rate.
This also enables you to use your oscilloscope’s memory more efficiently. Instead of wasting memory on the dead time between the pulses, the scope ignores that and only uses memory on the pulses that you actually want to see.
By the end of the episode, you will understand why and when you should use segmented memory, and how to set it up on an oscilloscope to quickly and easily analyze your long time-span of data.
Tune in for future Scopes University episodes covering more oscilloscope capabilities to see how you can test more efficiently!
You can ask me questions on Instagram: @keysightoscilloscopes
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The digital storage oscilloscope we used:
http://www.keysight.com/en/pcx-x205209/infiniivision-4000-x-series-oscilloscopes?cc=US&lc=eng
(The Keysight InfiniiVision 4000 X-Series Oscilloscope)
The 4000 X-Series oscilloscopes offers a large 12.1 inch capacitive touch screen, a user interface designed for touch, and the exclusive Zone touch trigger, all combined with an industry-leading uncompromised update rate of 1 million wfm/s to help you see all of your signal detail. Plus, advanced analysis capabilities help you solve your hardest challenges quickly.
If you are looking for a lower cost oscilloscope that still has the segmented memory capability:
http://www.keysight.com/en/pcx-2759552/infiniivision-1000-x-series-oscilloscopes?cc=US&lc=eng
(The Keysight InfiniiVision 1000 X-Series Oscilloscope)
This is an awesome cheap oscilloscope for beginners. Even though it has an ultra-low price, it has the quality of an industry level oscilloscope. It has a built-in digital multimeter, function generator (WaveGen), built-in training signals to learn quickly, and more!
Scopes University is hosted by Erin East
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Did you know you can perform eye-diagram mask testing on your differential FlexRay serial bus signals? See how to test your signals to six sigma using the DSOX3FLEX option on the InfiniiVision 3000 X-Series oscilloscopes with this short video.
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