Author: Melody E. Valdini File Type: pdf What role do men play in womens political representation? When and why do they support more inclusivity for women in office? Given that all political parties today have men in a majority of leadership positions, male gatekeepers play a key part in womens representation. So, how are they responding to the increasing numbers of women who are seeking leadership roles in politics? In The Inclusion Calculation , Melody E. Valdini examines womens inclusion from the perspective of men in power and offers a novel approach to understanding differences in womens descriptive representation. This book argues that men facilitate womens entry into politics when womens presence promises to benefit public perception of a party, and therefore benefit male party leaders. One particularly disturbing implication of this argument is that leaders can increase the number of women in office as a quick and simple substitute for addressing real systemic failures in party organization. Valdini tests her hypotheses by looking at several political contexts around the world the degree to which parties run more women after a corruption scandal, the number of women who are actually elected at such times, the adoption of gender quotas, and the appointment of women legislators in authoritarian regimes. Her findings suggest that we cannot yet celebrate recent increases in the number of women in office as a sign that we are nearing broad acceptance of gender equality. Further, these findings also suggest that one should question the tendency of scholars and international organizations to use womens presence in office as a measurement of good governance, as well as the tendency to encourage women to simply lean in to advance their careers. While it is certainly valuable to encourage women to run for office, it is equally important to understand the motivations of male power-holders. To that end, this book examines how men strategically feminize their political parties or government to retain control, demonstrating that a womans selection as a candidate often depends on a mans perception of her value.Review Rather than the oft-asked question of how women make strides on politics, this excellent book flips this question on its head by asking when and why established political elites let women in? The argument is compelling politicians allow women into elected positions when it benefits their own electoral fortunes. The analyses draw on an impressive array of case studies and sources of evidence. -- Miki Caul Kittilson, Arizona State University This pathbreaking book brings patriarchy back into gender and politics research. Valdini rightly argues that male elites do not nominate women because they have good intentions. Rather, certain moments make the benefits of womens inclusion outweigh the threat to mens power. Using quantitative analyses and case studies, Valdini identifies two such moments after corruption crises and in decaying democracies. The focus on elites inclusion calculation provides a timely reminder that the responsibility for womens political underrepresentation lies with men. -- Jennifer M. Piscopo, Occidental College Valdini offers a brilliant new analysis of gender representation, focusing not on womens efforts to gain access to politics but on mens role as gatekeepers. She provides a ground-breaking contribution, asking when and why do men let the women in? and arguing that male elites facilitate womens descriptive representation when it is likely to generate tangible benefits to mens power. Valdinis approach is original, smart, compelling, and highly readable. A must-read for all scholars and students of gender politics! -- Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer, Rice University About the Author Melody E. Valdini is Associate Professor of Political Science at Portland State University, the Associate Editor of the Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, and the 2017-2019 chair of the Representation and Electoral Systems section of the American Political Science Association. Her research focuses on the consequences of institutional design, with a particular focus on electoral systems, political parties, and womens descriptive representation. She has published in the American Journal of Political Science , Political Research Quarterly , Electoral Studies , and Politics & Gender, and won the Carrie Chapman Catt Prize in 2012. She is co-author of The Character of Democracy How Institutions Shape Politics.

Author: Omnia el Shakry File Type: pdf The first in-depth look at how postwar thinkers in Egypt mapped the intersections between Islamic discourses and psychoanalytic thought In 1945, psychologist Yusuf Murad introduced an Arabic term borrowed from the medieval Sufi philosopher and mystic Ibn Arabial-la-shuuras a translation for Sigmund Freuds concept of the unconscious. By the late 1950s, Freuds Interpretation of Dreams had been translated into Arabic for an eager Egyptian public. In The Arabic Freud, Omnia El Shakry challenges the notion of a strict divide between psychoanalysis and Islam by tracing how postwar thinkers in Egypt blended psychoanalytic theories with concepts from classical Islamic thought in a creative encounter of ethical engagement. Drawing on scholarly writings as well as popular literature on self-healing, El Shakry provides the first in-depth examination of psychoanalysis in Egypt and reveals how a new science of psychologyor science of the soul, as it came to be calledwas inextricably linked to Islam and mysticism. She explores how Freudian ideas of the unconscious were crucial to the formation of modern discourses of subjectivity in areas as diverse as psychology, Islamic philosophy, and the law. Founding figures of Egyptian psychoanalysis, she shows, debated the temporality of the psyche, mystical states, the sexual drive, and the Oedipus complex, while offering startling insights into the nature of psychic life, ethics, and eros. This provocative and insightful book invites us to rethink the relationship between psychoanalysis and religion in the modern era. Mapping the points of intersection between Islamic discourses and psychoanalytic thought, it illustrates how the Arabic Freud, like psychoanalysis itself, was elaborated across the space of human difference. **