In previous reviews we have discussed the Indo-European yamnaya ‘steppe ancestry’ as a mixture of Eastern and Caucasus hunter-gatherers. It remains, however, unclear when and where this ancestry arose and whether it was related to a horizon of cultural innovations in the 4th millennium BC that subsequently facilitated the advance of pastoral societies in Eurasia. Today we will review the paper “Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions” that studies this.
Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions Wang, C. et al 2019 doi//10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8
The current Siberian natives, mostly East Asian-related peoples where not the original inhabitants of Northen Siberia. The paper reviewed found a previously unknown palaeolithic population of ‘Ancient North Siberians’ who are distantly related to early West Eurasian hunter-gatherers that inhabited the extreme north before later immigration waves.
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene
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Inuits have long been thought to have a significant contribution of east Asian DNA than other Native Americans. The origin of the Palaeo-Eskimo cultures, and their relationship to present-day Inuit, has been debated since they were first discovered. Competing theories have attributed the origins to offshoots of the populations that gave rise to Native American populations such as the Na-Dene, alternatively from the same source as the Inuits, or from still other sources entering the New World even later than both the Native American and Inuit ancestors. Ancient DNA studies answers these questions.
Populating the Americas https://youtu.be/0wEFyi1yS3Y
doi:10.1038/nature08835 Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1251-y Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America
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The ancient population history of East Asia remains poorly understood due to a lack of ancient DNA data and lack of data from present-day people. In the paper “The Genomic Formation of Human Populations in East Asia” in pre-print under review for publication in Nature they have sequenced data from 191 individuals from Mongolia, northern China, Taiwan, the Amur River Basin and Japan dating to 6000 BCE - 1000 AD.
The Genomic Formation of Human Populations in East Asia
Wang, C. et. al. 2020 in Nature
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.004606
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Denisovans are an extinct group of humans whose morphology remains unknown. The reviewed paper uses DNA methylation patterns to reconstruct skeletal morphology of Denisovans. Denisovans likely shared with Neanderthals traits such as an elongated face and a wide pelvis. They also identify Denisovan-derived changes, such as an increased dental arch and lateral cranial expansion.
Reconstructing Denisovan Anathomy using Methylation Maps
Gokhman, D. et. al. 2019 in Cell
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.035
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Who populated Iberia in the antiquity? What does Ancient DNA say about the inhabitants of Spain in the Roman period? What was the impact of Greek, Phoenician-Punic and Roman colonization? Was the Iberia population transformed by immigration in the same way as the city of Rome during the Roman Empire? Do we see in the Roman period, the ancestry of the peninsula being transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean. And what impact did the later Muslim conquest have on the population composition?
DOI: 10.1126/science.aav4040 The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years
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North and South America are the last continents to be populated by humans. When did the first inhabitants arrive? How do they relate to current day Native Americans? Where did they come from? Where there more than one group?
doi:10.1126/science.aav2621 Early human dispersals within the Americas
doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027 Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America
doi:10.1126/science.aar6851 Ancient human parallel lineages within North America contributed to a coastal expansion
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Ancient DNA paper review of the two big pre-historic migration waves that transformed Europe. First the Neolithic farmers from Anatolia and second the Indo-Europeans from the stepp.
doi:10.1038/nature14317 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe
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Why did the Indo-Europeans conquer large part of the world? What was the change in conditions and technology on the West and Central Eurasian steps that set the people living there on a track of conquest? In this review we look into the theory it was the domestication of horses and the invention of the wheel and axle; the wagon.
Sources
Talk by David Anthony, Wheeled vehicles, horses, and Indo-European origins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HliaR2Ep24s
doi:10.1126/science.aao3297 Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses
doi:10.1126/science.aar7711 The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NoqGPW-sRug
Inuits have long been thought to have a significant contribution of east Asian DNA than other Native Americans. The origin of the Palaeo-Eskimo cultures, and their relationship to present-day Inuit, has been debated since they were first discovered. Competing theories have attributed the origins to offshoots of the populations that gave rise to Native American populations such as the Na-Dene, alternatively from the same source as the Inuits, or from still other sources entering the New World even later than both the Native American and Inuit ancestors. Ancient DNA studies answers these questions.
Populating the Americas https://youtu.be/0wEFyi1yS3Y
doi:10.1038/nature08835 Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1251-y Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEuTSUWoddk