But there are a few PROBLEMS - 12x the Energy Density with SILICON ANODE BATTERIES
Silicon Anode Batteries can hold up to 12x the energy density when compared to other technologies, so why haven't we seen it in products yet?
In this video we will take a look at how Silicon anode technology will change batteries forever, and what are still the limitations that we have to solve.
NOTE: The animations in my videos take a substantial amount of time to make, so please be patient. I am trying to get a video per week, but some times it takes longer. ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgIDtqIyB9Q
MOXIE - Solving Climate Change? [2021]
With mankind’s uncertain future, this decade, removing CO2 from the atmosphere will be of the outmost necessity. To do this, we could use a technology that is being tested right now, on Mars. But what does our problem here, on earth, have anything to do with Mars.
Subject Zero Patreon
https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories
Softwares Used:
Blender 2.8 EEVEE
Apple Motion
Final Cut Pro X
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8DHIPy1b7y4
UNLIMITED GRAPHENE - MIT Graphene Roll to Roll CVD Explained
It looks like the days of making only small quantities of Graphene are coming to an end and soon we will be able to make the batteries that they promised a long time ago.
In this video we take a look at how the method works.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K309K-DFqpE
Subject Zero Patreon
https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories
Why Metallic Hydrogen is so important! [2020]
A Nature article published January 29, 2020 by French scientist Paul Loubeyre, claiming to have finally created metallic hydrogen is an important milestone for pressure physics research.
As I mentioned in my previous video on this topic, metallic hydrogen was first theorized back in 1935, by Eugene Wigner and Dr. Hillard Bell Huntington.
Wigner and Huntington based their idea on what is called Bravais Lattice (Bráveis Láttice) which is, an infinite array of discrete points generated by a set of discrete translation. Basically, it is a pattern that repeats itself throughout a structure, like graphene for instance.
They thought that this was true for any element including hydrogen and went on to calculate how this could happen. They concluded, based on a lot of calculation that hydrogen would assume a Bravais Lattice at around 25 GPa. Fast forward to today and that number may be closer to 425 GPa.
Scientists have given 85 years to the research of this topic but Why MH is so important?
Sources
https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/9569212/Silvera_Metallic.pdf
http://people.physics.illinois.edu/ceperley/papers/229.pdf
https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys625.pdf
https://journals.aps.org/pr/pdf/10.1103/PhysRev.108.1175
https://phys.org/news/2020-04-scientists-superconducting-metal-hydrides.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02811-1
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1927-3
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/molecule-of-the-week/archive/l/lanthanum-decahydride.html
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravais_lattice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner
Attribution
SpaceX / CC0
Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41622
By Henry Mühlpfordt - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9491383
By Nobel foundation - https://archive.org/details/lesprixnobel1913nobe, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33409889
By Unknown author - [1] Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Fotocollectie Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (ANEFO), 1945-1989, CC BY-SA 3.0 nl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20427867
By Prolineserver - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3912829
Softwares Used:
Blender 2.8 EEVEE
Apple Motion
Final Cut Pro X
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMpdK1NeNTI
Subject Zero Patreon
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Onboard the SpaceX Starship 2.0 in Detail - What it takes to go to Mars | Detailed Breakdown
The layout of the ship follows two guiding functional necessities, zero-G environment, and low gravity. Logically each floor must be designed to accommodate these necessities plus, survival, and psychological needs of the astronauts. Naturally all life support systems will be located at the lower levels along with all hardware, tools among other crucial gear for the space journey and living on mars.
The top floors are for living areas and the flight deck.
A good starship design needs to follow simple rules. Easy to use and fix.
Problems that might arise throughout the journey need to be identified quickly and be simple to solve by anybody on board. If complex problems arise, crew anxiety and stress may lead into further problems risking the mission.
Lastly, everything on the ship must be monitored with visual information available on all floors, especially CO2 levels. User interface must be clear and simple to understand.
References and Further reading
Nature – Radiation shielding
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01707-2
CO2 CDep
https://technology.nasa.gov/patent/TOP2-291
optimal radiation shielding of astronauts
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021SW002749
Solar-Electrochemical power systems
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19950012155
mars fact sheet
https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html
RXF1
https://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/travelinginspace/25aug_plasticspaceships.html
oxygen tank
https://www.lindedirect.com/resources/product-information/cylinders-gases-consumables/dura-cyl-liquid-containers
aluminum vs carbon fiber
https://dragonplate.com/carbon-fiber-vs-aluminum
how much poop astronauts create
https://www.theverge.com/2015/11/23/9775586/how-astronauts-poop-space-toilet-design-mars-iss
Whipple Shield
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipple_shield
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-3IHfmwLJs
The Strength of GRAPHENE Explained - In this video I discuss about Graphene and where does the 10x stronger or 200x stronger than steel comes from.
Enjoy!
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvonBXvhCc4
Subject Zero Patreon
https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories
Breakthrough Solid State Battery - 900 Wh/L Samsung [2020]
Samsung research was led by Yong-Gun Lee for an All-Solid-State-Battery (ASSBs). Their goal was to eliminate dendrites formation and increase coulombic efficiency.
To do that they sandwiched layers of Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese-Oxide (NMC for short) mixed with a Sulfide Solid Electrolytes (SSE, show formula on screen), on top of nanocomposite-layer of Silver-Carbon.
All of this is located in between a foil of Aluminum and Stainless steel as the current collectors.
The idea behind this was to remove lithium foil from the mix and have all lithium atoms part of the NMC and SSE. This approach diminishes the costs of the overall battery manufacturing since handling lithium usually needs an oxygen free environment due to its high reactivity.
This is important for a few reasons, in conventional lithium batteries, the anode comprised of lithium moves freely towards the positive electrode during discharge.
Dendrites are formed during the charging process when lithium moves back to its initial location thanks to the free movement enabled by liquid or gel electrolyte.
This is the main limiting factor of how much energy can be store in these batteries since to control this, the amount of lithium available in the system has to be caped, limiting the energy density.
Sources
Nature Article
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0575-z.epdf
Energy Density
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density
Gaston Planté
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Planté
History of batteries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_battery
Lithium-ion battery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery
Cost of production of lithium ion batteries
https://qnovo.com/82-the-cost-components-of-a-battery/
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAFk-CebHWA
Subject Zero Patreon
https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories
Thermal Nuclear Rocket Propulsion Explained
In late 1960s, early 1970s, nuclear thermal rockets were fully developed and tested under programs such as the Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application or NERVA. This program was just one of the two categories that studied nuclear propulsion. In this project, they developed a solid core reactor based on Uranium, Zirconium carbide-graphite matrix.
There were four main configurations tested with increased thrust levels. The largest NERVA derived engine produced approximately 112.1 kN of thrust. The fuel element was a complex mix of Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3) and Uranium oxide (UO2) particles distributed along a Tungsten matrix. Each fuel element was hexagonal in shape with 19 coolant passages. A total of 564 fuel elements and 241 tie tube were used with a total mass of 2,645 kg, containing 36.8 kg of U-235. It delivered a thermal power of 555 MW. To contain the reactor core, a thick radial reflector wall of 14.7 cm with control drums were used.
Just like in conventional rocket engines, the nozzle is cooled by hydrogen that comes in through the inlet valve. It is then transported upwards to the outside of the reactor towards turbo-pumps that increase its pressure. At the same time, a second flow of hydrogen is pumped into the tie tubes which further increases temperature and pressure.
This flow is added to flow number one and is directed towards a second set to turbo-pumps. In this last phase, hydrogen goes back to the core passing through the fuel elements where it experiences the largest increase in temperature. From 367 K to 2,794 K with a mass flow of 12.68 kg/s.
A quick comparison with the average flow rate of the Falcon 9 rocket at 2,496 kg/s makes it easy to understand why nuclear is the best choice for space travel, not lifting large payloads into space.
Sources
NASA
5 hazards of human space flight
https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/5-hazards-of-human-spaceflight
WIKI
Health threats from cosmic rays
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays#cite_note-nasa3-51
Sievert
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert#Calculating_protection_dose_quantities
Specific impulse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_impulse
Web Archive
Plastics to help protect astronauts in space
https://web.archive.org/web/20100323201842/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/25aug_plasticspaceships.htm
Nuclear propulsion for space
https://www.osti.gov/includes/opennet/includes/Understanding%20the%20Atom/Nuclear%20Propulsion%20for%20Space%20V.2.pdf
Softwares Used:
Blender 2.8 EEVEE
Apple Motion
Final Cut Pro X
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN2rK38Oniw
As described, the ARV system is a relatively simple anti-gravity vehicle with enhanced Tesla coil propulsion capabilities. It consists of various components and features that contribute to its functionality.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RHqUoHWSMuY
CARBYNE LAC Explained - In this video we will talk about the two "know" or at least in theory, carbon structures that are by far stronger than Graphene.
In organic chemistry, a carbyne is a general term for any compound whose molecular structure includes an electrically neutral carbon atom with three non-bonded electrons, connected to another atom by a single bond. A carbyne thus has the general formula R-C3•
Its right name is Linear Acetylenic Carbon (LAC for short), and from wiki again, it’s an allotrope of carbon with chemical structure (−C≡C−)n where n is any number really. The key here is the triple bonds that make it really strong.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQ3LYQvVCuo