Part 2 of the declassified documentary produced following Operation Crossroads. This documentary details the history of the first 5 atomic bombs ever made.
Normally I wouldn't charge for public domain footage, but this is a huge file taking up space i could use for something else. This is 12 hours of raw footage of Operation Crossroads 1946, and contains footage not seen in the other documentary films. This footage is silent.
This film covers the military effects of thermonuclear weapons in Operation Redwing. There were several sets of buildings installed to obtain blast damage measurements, to be compared with an identical test in Nevada that had used a fission device. The measurements were to determine the difference in damage between the fission weapon's short duration blast wave and the long duration blast wave of a thermonuclear weapon. Due to an error in the air drop of the Cherokee shot, the comparison was not accurately collected.
Operation Tumbler Technical Photography. This film answers the very common question "What are the smoke trails and puffs of smoke in the pictures of nuclear tests?". Some very ingenious techniques for determining the characteristics of the shock waves from a nuclear blast were developed. This film shows some of the photographic methods for measuring the passage of shock fronts, as well as photography of thermal effects. Since the shock wave from an explosion consists of highly compressed air, the refractive index of the air changes with the density, and placing smoke trails in the background shows up the shock wave as it bends light creating gaps and shifts in the image of the smoke trail. By using smoke generators along the blast line, the passage of the shock front pushes the columns of smoke away from their position, and it can be seen that they almost return to their original position after the passage of the wave. In the thermal effects photography, the "popcorning" of surface dust caused by the heat flash is easy to see, as the dust rises from the ground before the shock wave arrives. Nuclear tests were among the most intensively photographed events in history, often using hundreds or thousands of cameras in each test, and this film shows some of the "tricks of the trade" for recording phenomena that would be difficult to measure otherwise.
Operation Hardtack Underwater Tests 1958. Part 3 of 4. Underwater nuclear tests, testing kill mechanisms for use against submarines and surface ships. The deep water Crossroads shot Charlie had been cancelled after the test fleet was rendered unusable (by the ships being covered by highly radioactive contamination, which was unexpected) in the 1946 Baker shot. A deep water shot had been carried out in May 1955 off the coast of California (the Wigwam shot), but weather conditions had disturbed the test array. The primary purpose of the Wigwam shot was testing submarine hull damage. The Hardtack shots Wahoo and Umbrella were carried out at Enewetok Atoll in the Pacific. The Wahoo shot was done in deep water to study surface ship hull damage in deep water nuclear explosions, and the Umbrella shot was done in shallow water to get more data in shallow water detonations. During the Wahoo test, a manned submarine (USS Bonita SSK-3) was submerged near the blast, and experienced severe shock, but no damage to the submarine hull was experienced. A photographer on a nearby island witnessed a tsunami wave that covered the island. The use of shipboard washdown systems was tested as a means of reducing contamination from the radioactive base surge. Hull damage on the surface ships was light, but some ships experienced machinery damage in the engine room.
Operation Greenhouse was a US nuclear test series carried out at Enewetok Atoll in 1951. The George Shot tested the feasibility of initiating a hydrogen fusion reaction using a mixture of Deuterium and Tritium. The experiment was a success, but the fusion reaction did not contribute to the explosive yield. The diagnostic equipment detected high energy neutrons indicating that fusion had taken place during the early microseconds of the explosion. Other tests on Operation Greenhouse were of "boosted" fission devices which used a small fusion reaction to generate enough excess neutrons to increase the efficiency of the fission reaction of the plutonium core.
This film describes the nature of the declassified nuclear testing films released to the public in the late 1990s. These films were classified Top Secret for many years, but are important for their historical context. While most Americans were aware that nuclear testing was taking place, very few were aware of the size and scope of the testing program. Small snippets of these films were released to the public, and on a very few tests the press were included as spectators (there was even one test shown live on television), but the sheer magnitude of the testing program remained a secret.
Part 2 of a 4 part series of films of Operation Hardtack. Prior to Operation Hardtack, the highest nuclear test had been conducted at 36,000 feet at the Nevada Test Site. Since the development of ICBMs as a delivery method for nuclear weapons had been developed, the use of nuclear warheads to intercept and destroy incoming ICBM warheads was being considered as a defense. Since the effects of high altitude detonations and possible kill mechanisms were unknown, the high altitude tests of Operation Hardtack were planned to gather data on nuclear detonations at altitude. One interesting thing about this film, is that test data was gathered on X-ray induced mechanical shock. The fact that electromagnetic radiation striking an object imparts a mechanical pressure on that object is known, but the effect is usually so slight that it's difficult to measure, and often ignored. For X-rays to do this is somewhat counterintuitive (X-rays tend to pass through most materials), and to actually cause mechanical stresses to the breaking point of an object, the X-ray flux must be almost unimaginably powerful. Some of this kinetic energy is probably a result of the X-rays being absorbed and causing thermal ablation of the material. Another interesting thing in this film is the changes in light emission characteristics as altitude increases. The "double pulse" of light from low altitude bursts is missing at higher altitudes, and bursts in between share characteristics of both.