When NSA contractor Edward Snowden downloaded tens of thousands of top-secret documents from a highly secure government network, it led to the largest leak of classified information in history and sparked a fierce debate over privacy, technology and democracy in the post-9/11 world. Now, in "United States Of Secrets," FRONTLINE goes behind the headlines to reveal the dramatic inside story of how the U.S. government came to monitor and collect the communications of millions of people around the world, including ordinary Americans, and the lengths they went to trying to hide the massive surveillance program from the public. From the investigative team behind FRONTLINE’s award-winning Money, Power & Wall Street, United States of Secrets is the definitive history of domestic surveillance in a post-9/11 world. Part political thriller and part spy novel, the series is gripping viewing for those who want to understand the context of the Snowden affair and what it means for the world. Director: Michael Kirk Producers: Martin Smith Narrator: Will Lyman A PBS, Frontline production with Kirk Documentary Group https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/ What you need to know: Former NSA contractor Edward Snowden broke headlines in 2013 by leaking highly sensitive information regarding U.S. government programs that spy on American citizens. Snowden skirted NSA in-house whistle blowing procedure. Instead, he took a medical leave from the NSA, claiming that he needed surgery. In reality, he flew to Hong Kong to meet with Glenn Greenwald of UK newspaper The Guardian and documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras. In these secret meetings, Snowden revealed to them the breadth of the government surveillance programs. June 05, 2013, The Guardian broke the news, but only scratched the surface of the issue in their first article. The Washington Post soon followed suit. These articles started a domino effect, and for better or worse, the course of American history was changed. United States of Secrets established exactly who Snowden was: a quirky, geeky private contractor for the NSA, who didn’t even finish high school. After three months of working out of a low-security office in Hawaii for an NSA contractor, Snowden started collecting data he found to be offensive or alarming. Perhaps most disturbing is a government program he stumbled across called PRISM, which used companies such as Google, Yahoo!, Apple, Verizon, Skype, Facebook, AOL and others, to amass metadata on private citizens under the guise of an anti-terrorism program. Snowden cryptically reached out to Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras, looking for allies who he could trust with this information. Snowden tried to correspond with Greenwald numerous times, but Greenwald didn’t bite initially. Snowden then moved on to Poitras because her investigative documentaries made the U.S. government raise their eyebrows numerous times. “You asked why I chose you. I didn’t. You chose yourself,” Snowden said. Convinced, Poitras set out for Hong Kong and persuaded Greenwald to join her to meet this mysterious person. At the time, they had no idea who he or she was. Snowden told them to meet outside of the crowded Mira Hotel. His only identifiable characteristic? A Rubik’s cube. After the rendez-vous, the three barricaded themselves in a hotel room and talked for days. This is when the famous 12-minute Snowden video was shot, where Snowden explained how the U.S. government has been collecting personal data and phone records on its own citizens. “How could it come to this?” you may ask. United States of Secrets tackled this question with a wide variety of in-depth interviews from the NSA director Michael Hayden to an AT&T technician who discovered government wire tapping on private cable lines. It follows the evolution of the NSA in a post-9/11 world, focusing on the implications of the Snowden revelations and what they mean for the average citizen. Spanning from phone calls and emails that track content to the GPS data gathered from Facebook to hijacked Internet browser cookies used for advertising purposes, the breadth of the surveillance programs is truly astonishing. This documentary is a must watch for anyone attached to technology, especially the Millennials who were reared in the digital age. ------------------------------------------ There is no copyright infringement intended for the video and/or material used in this video. 'Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for 'fair use' for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use' LEGAL DISCLAIMER The content within these recordings are property of their respective Designers, Writers, Creators, Owners, Organizations, Companies and Producers.

The Hacker Wars (2014) tells the tales of three men: Andrew “Weev” Aurenheimer — convicted of hacking AT&T, Jeremy Hammond, and Barrett Brown. These three larger than life characters set out on separate quests to expose dangerous secrets. As a result, they were thrown into a collision course with shady corporations and the FBI. The last blow was dealt when a fourth character "Sabu2", the hacker turned FBI informant who ran the FBI's cyber unit for 9 months was responsible for their arrests. He is the shadowy protagonist in a high-stakes game of espionage and betrayal in the age of the Internet. Produced & Directed by: Vivien Lesnik Weisman Pesented by: Over 9000 Pictures Starring: Jeremy Hammond, Andrew Auernheimer, Barrett Bown, Thomas Drake Music by: Dicepticon, Christopher Lord, Ytcracker The Hacker Wars tells the story of three young information activists, or hacktivists, and their battles with the US Government. These hacktivists are either terrorists or freedom fighters depending on one's perspective on who should control information. This is a documentary about how the US government mistreats, persecutes, and intimidates hackers and activists. Directed by Vivien Lesnik Weisman, this movie includes interviews by a plethora of hackers, writers, journalists, and activists. It was released on October 17, 2014. Hackers who are activists, hacktivists, are either seen as terrorists or as freedom fighters. It all depends on each person’s opinion about who should be in control of information. The term hacktivist has been defined as a person who uses technology to effect social change. Hackers have the ability to expose the secrets and the inner workings of the government in an embarrassing way. That’s the reason why they are feared and why they are being pursued with a vengeance. Contreversal 'troll' Andrew Aurenheimer believes that the educational system has been specifically engineered to make people dumb, obedient, and not creative. The FBI has been on to Weev since he was fifteen years old. According to the bureau, they wanted him to become some type of informant about hackers on the Internet. Andrew Aurenheimer embarrasses large corporations and was sentenced to 41 months for 'hacking' AT&T, but his conviction was overturned. He vows to continue doing what landed him in prison in the first place. Barrett Brown, who appeared in the documentary, was examined as a spokesperson for Anonymous, a label he disputes. It was Barrett Brown, Anonymous propagandist and journalist, who said that Information is a weapon, and when it’s used honestly, it can be the most effective change agent in the world. He believes that most media companies won’t spend a single hour doing honest investigation before reporting the news. According to Barrett, the purpose of journalism is not to please those who are in power but to report the truth even when it makes those in power uncomfortable. Barrett has been known to hold press conferences from his bathtub. In the film Barrett Brown, American journalist, is facing 105 years in prison for publicizing information revealed through Jeremy Hammond's epic hacks. Hammond himself had just begun a 10-year prison term. This movement wants to get common citizens to wake up and start thinking for themselves. It encourages people to question authority and to not be afraid to leek the data and documents if they’re working for a corrupt company or government. The big questions are how far are citizens willing to go to defend their ideas? Is trolling or hacking helpful? And who is receiving any benefit from the work hacktivists are doing? Regardless of how liberating the rhetoric might seem to be, is anarchy really the answer? ------------ There is no copyright infringement intended for the video and/or material used in this video. 'Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for 'fair use' for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use' LEGAL DISCLAIMER The content within these recordings are property of their respective Designers, Writers, Creators, Owners, Organizations, Companies and Producers.

Alan Turing was a mathematician, cryptographer and pioneer of computer science who possessed one of the greatest brains of the 20th century. His life was one of secret triumphs shadowed by public tragedy. Presented by: Dr. James Grime Produced & Directed by: Jonathan Settle University of Cambridge Thanks to the Turing Family Saturday 23 June 2012 marks the centenary of the birth of Alan Turing. Alan Mathieson Turing was born in Maida Vale, part of Paddington in London, to Julius and Ethel Turing (nee Stoney) in 1912. They had met in India, thanks to his career as a Civil Servant, and Ethel’s work as Chief Engineer at the Madras Railway, but they wanted their children to be raised in the UK and so returned home. Alan was the couple’s second child, after John. Aged 14, he was sent to Sherborne School in Dorset. His first day of term coincided with the 1926 General Strike. Turing was so determined not to miss his first day of school that he cycled the 97km from his home in Southampton. Such was the extraordinary nature of this journey, it was reported on in the local paper! In his late teens, Turing got to grips with Albert Einstein's work and extrapolated Einstein's questioning of Newton's Laws of Motion from a text in which this was never made explicit. Turing also published a paper On Computable Numbers and an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem) in which he outlines the Universal Machine, which later became known as the Turing Machine. This was an idealised computing device that is capable of performing any mathematical computation that can be represented as an algorithm. Computers would probably have been non-existent if it wasn't for the famous British mathematician, Alan Turing. Having been a child prodigy, he went on to pursue his PhD from the 'Princeton University.' Soon, he became an important member of a group of code-breakers in the 'Government Code and Cypher School' (GC&CS) in Bletchley Park. He was given the daunting task of deciphering the ever-changing German codes sent through the ingenious machine, 'Enigma.' Alan made the almost impossible task possible with his 'bombe' device, which used a technique called 'Banburismus.' Eventually, this mathematician and his team of code-breakers were successful in defeating the 'Enigma.' However, two code-breakers from his team were found out to be Soviet spies, and thus the work was declared highly confidential. For a long time, no records of Turing's work were available, and the 'Official Secrets Act' prohibited him from talking about his work to anyone. Turing was eccentric to say the least, with a scruffy appearance and stammering speech. Turing's mother would have to write to him to remind him to buy "at least one suit a year". This did not stop him from holding up his trousers with string and wearing a pyjama top under his coat. In Hut 8, where he conducted most of his codebreaking at Bletchley, Turing would attach his tea mug to the radiator using a combination lock. During hay fever season, it wasn't uncommon to see Turing ride his bicycle to work wearing his government-issued gas mask. In 1952 Turning was convicted of homosexuality, he is given the choice of being imprisoned or chemically castrated with oestrogen hormone injections. He chooses the latter. Turing's conviction means his security clearance is removed which means he is barred from his cryptopgraphic consultancy for the British government. On 08th June 1954 Turing's cleaner finds him dead. It appears that Turing poisoned himself using a cyanide-laced apple... AT that time it was illegal to be gay in the UK, though the British government changed the law in 1967 and apologized posthumously for convicting him years later. His works and life was popularized by the ‘Academy Award’ winning movie, ‘The Imitation Game,’ released in 2014. In Alan Turing's 42 years of life, his discoveries and inventions saved thousands of lives and paved the way for modern computing. Despite this, it has been only recently that he has been recognised for his achievements. ------------------------------------ There is no copyright infringement intended for the video and/or material used in this video. 'Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for 'fair use' for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use' LEGAL DISCLAIMER The content within these recordings are property of their respective Designers, Writers, Creators, Owners, Organizations, Companies and Producers.