Taking GRAPHENE out of the Lab - The Current State [2019]
Taking GRAPHENE out of the Lab - The Current State [2019]
We’ve all been following the evolution of Graphene for years now or ever since it came into light with the 2010 Nobel prize. But graphene has been around for longer than that, or at least 63 years in the making. Nine years after graphene took the world by storm, many of us are still wondering about where are all of the things that we were promised, made with graphene.
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Fusion Rockets - The Real Mars Express [2021]
The proposed and most plausible system that is being researched by NASA is called Electromagnetically Driven Fusion Propulsion. This engine uses electromagnetic fields to achieve fusion and control the exhaust energy.
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Final Cut Pro X
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Silent Art
https://audiojungle.net/item/cinematic-trailer/35214103
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Apple Motion
Final Cut Pro X
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Hyperloop - Inevitable Failure
The hyper loop was always a crazy man’s ambitious gamble, with overwhelming odds stacked against it. Some may say that the signs of its inevitable failure were all over it… or were they?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oe4R8t6U8S4
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Mesoporous Graphene for Lithium-ion batteries [2020]
Graphene has a theoretical capacity of 744 mAh/g with outstanding electronic mobility at 10,000 cm2/V and extremely high lithium diffusivity at 10-7 – 10-6 cm2/s, it holds great promise as an anode material for high-energy-power lithium-ion batteries.
But the problem has always been producing high quality graphene sheets as we know that any defect will decrease the electric conductivity, electrochemical and structural stability which in turn has a negative effect in power density and Coulombic efficiency.
So far tests conducted with graphene yielded unfavorable results due to how difficult it was to produce high quality sheets, but in this research, titled High-quality mesoporous graphene particles as high-energy and fast-charging anodes for lithium-ion batteries, they were able to improve high quality sheets yield by chemical vapor deposition using a mesoporous Magnesium Oxide as a template and catalyst to start the process and adding an additional step with microwave radiation.
They basically grew nitrogen-doped graphene within the pores of the Magnesium Oxide template.
The idea is straight forward, you have a structure full of holes whereby using chemical vapor deposition, the nitrogen-doped graphene accumulates in these pores reacting with each other and turn forming a graphene sheet, all you need to do now is to submit the structure to an etching process to chemically remove the Magnesium Oxide template.
Sources
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09274-y
https://www.18650batterystore.com/product-p/sony-vtc5a.htm
https://insideevs.com/news/342679/tesla-model-3-2170-energy-density-compared-to-bolt-model-s-p100d/
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cktz2Al5TF8
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SR-71 Blackbird - Anatomy
In 1957 the CIA initiated project Gusto. Its goal was to develop U2’s replacement. Enter General Dynamics Convair Division and Lockheed Martin Skunk Works.
General dynamics approach used two airplanes. The first being the B-58B and the second, the First Invisible Supper Hustler or FISH.
The idea was to have B-58B carry FISH up to launch altitude, but eventually General Dynamics failed to sell its B-58B prototype to the United States Airforce, imposing a major review to the project.
Because FISH was initially meant to be carried by another airplane, they quickly had to change this concept, to which they nicknamed KingFISH.
On Lockheed side, many designs were studied such as the Arrow 1, Archangel 1 and Archangel 2.
On November 25th, 1958, both companies received compensation to continue refining its prototype airplanes. For the next year, Lockheed would spend most of its time refining no less than 10 of its major designs, A-3 to A-12.
One pattern stood out from all models and that was the design trend of the delta wing as portraited on A-10 model and later established on the finalized version A-12.
The competition for the CIA secret airplane development came to an end on August 29, 1959 when Lockheed received an official notification for its winning design, the A-12. A $4.5 million-dollar advance award was given to continue development of the plane.
Eventually the Air Force saw a potential in developing an interceptor variant of A-12, becoming AF-12 under the project codename “Kedlock”.
Sources
Haynes Owners Workshop manual – Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
The Complete Book of the SR-71 Blackbird
Attribution
By Source, Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62033036
By Jonathan Cutrer from San Angelo, Texas, United States - SR-71 Blackbird Cockpit Windows, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=84513448
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFxz-rIFpnw
Nanotube Strength, Bad News for Space Elevators [2019]
In a recent article from Nature, scientists finally were able to test the strength of nanotubes which is amazing news from the depths of the nanotechnology realm nevertheless, it looks like space elevators will remain in the land of science fiction a bit longer, but not everything is bad news.
Well it turns out that there are three configurations that you can make nanotubes in and that is what they tested, all of the three configurations yields completely different strength values, which is ok, but the problem is that in some cases the strength is well below the 63 GPa while other times it barely passes that. However, it never even gets close to the predicted values of 100 – 200 GPa.
Sources
Strength of carbon nanotubes depends on their chemical structures
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10959-7
Low-temperature Synthesis of high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes form alcohol
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.8.7770&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Fullerene Nanotubes: C 1,000,000and Beyond: Some unusual new molecules —long, hollow fibers with tantalizing electronic and mechanical properties—have joined diamonds and graphite in the carbon family
https://www.jstor.org/stable/27856810?read-now=1&seq=9#metadata_info_tab_contents
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7tjYISFNs4
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Breakthrough Solid State Battery - 900 Wh/L Samsung [2020]
Samsung research was led by Yong-Gun Lee for an All-Solid-State-Battery (ASSBs). Their goal was to eliminate dendrites formation and increase coulombic efficiency.
To do that they sandwiched layers of Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese-Oxide (NMC for short) mixed with a Sulfide Solid Electrolytes (SSE, show formula on screen), on top of nanocomposite-layer of Silver-Carbon.
All of this is located in between a foil of Aluminum and Stainless steel as the current collectors.
The idea behind this was to remove lithium foil from the mix and have all lithium atoms part of the NMC and SSE. This approach diminishes the costs of the overall battery manufacturing since handling lithium usually needs an oxygen free environment due to its high reactivity.
This is important for a few reasons, in conventional lithium batteries, the anode comprised of lithium moves freely towards the positive electrode during discharge.
Dendrites are formed during the charging process when lithium moves back to its initial location thanks to the free movement enabled by liquid or gel electrolyte.
This is the main limiting factor of how much energy can be store in these batteries since to control this, the amount of lithium available in the system has to be caped, limiting the energy density.
Sources
Nature Article
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0575-z.epdf
Energy Density
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density
Gaston Planté
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Planté
History of batteries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_battery
Lithium-ion battery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery
Cost of production of lithium ion batteries
https://qnovo.com/82-the-cost-components-of-a-battery/
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAFk-CebHWA
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NASA Lattice Confinement Fusion [2020]
Lattice confinement is the idea of constraining smaller atoms with bigger ones.
In this case the crystalline layer of a metal is used to hold deuteron atoms, just like pouring water into sand.
For this experiment they used Erbium and Titanium at 99.9% purity. Erbium is a rare earth metal mainly found in Sweden, and it is used in optical amplification media such lens and lasers for optical fibers. It is also used in nuclear technology as control rods for neutron-absorption.
The reason they used Erbium for this experiment lies in fuel density, where it can hold about 8.1022 Deuteron atoms/cm3. It is also very stable where losses from fuel loading to testing were minimal. Lastly, it showed enhanced nuclear reactions.
A sample of Erbium is pumped with deuterium which is packed with a billion times more fuel than what magnetic confinement of tokamaks are able to constrain.
The ability to pack more atoms in a given volume, especially a billion times denser, increases the chances of deuterons hitting each other.
All you need now is a source of energy to excite the atoms and start the reaction.
In this case they blasted the sample with 2.9+Million electron Volts of gamma beam or energetic X-ray which causes the dissociation of the atom.
That is where the magic happens, this dissociation creates the necessary energetic neutrons and protons. The neutron collides with a static deuteron giving it enough energy to collide with another deuteron ultimately fusing.
Softwares Used:
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Sources
https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/science/lattice-confinement-fusion/
https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/TP-20205001616-Experiment-Paper-Final.pdf
https://www.iter.org/sci/FusionFuels
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer–Phillips_process
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITER
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium
Attribution
Kevan from London, England / CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJTi7cnZtYI