Today we are extracting citric acid from some large large lemons. Citric acid is quite a useful molecule in general, but I don't have any particular uses for it. It is mostly used as a pH buffering agent in chemistry and isn't use in direct synthesis.
A buffering solution is a solution that resists pH change. It is useful in synthesis when you need to keep the pH relatively constant during a reaction.
Fuming nitric acid is defined as having a concentration of HNO3 greater than 86%. This is much higher than the conventional 68% of common lab nitric acid.
The reaction between the nitric acid and the nitrile and latex gloves is extremely exothermic and violent. It is often recommended to avoid using gloves altogether when working with fuming nitric acid unless resistant gloves are available (e.g. butyl rubber gloves).
Regular concentrated nitric acid is still not good to use with latex gloves. Latex offers little to no protection. Nitric acid can quickly penetrate the glove and then irritate skin.
Fuming nitric acid is not nearly as common and it is used in much fewer reactions. For example, for the synthesis of high explosives. The high concentration of HNO3 is required in order to nitrate a molecule several times. For example, TNT, or tri-nitrotuluene, is prepared using fuming nitric acid. It is possible to di-nitrate it using concentrated nitric acid, but the third nitration is unlikely to occur, so yield will be zero or uselessly low.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBVdGGml6bU
A while ago, I ate capsaicin, which is basically pure spiciness. However, capsaicin is hydrophobic, so it had a very hard time dissolving on my tongue. However, if I take capsaicin and dissolve it in alcohol, it's technically is less concentrated, but it should be a lot spicier...
Nile talks about lab safety (Chemistry is Dangerous): https://youtu.be/ftACSEJ6DZA
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#shorts
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFvoCCRZWyI
In this video i will be making nitrobenzene by the nitration of benzene.
Reference: https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/nitrobenzene.aniline.html
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovHFjtxo-D4
Note: The MnO2 that i used was likely contaminated with A LOT of carbon. I think if more pure MnO2 were used, the yield would be a lot better.
In this video, we whip up some bromine using sulfuric acid drain cleaner, MnO2 from batteries, and sodium bromide pool solution.
At around 8 minutes, it should be sodium bisulfate not potassium! I made a mistake.
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2448989
GoFundMe: https://www.gofundme.com/gdqexmp8
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Nile-Red-164...
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QM-cgWGBPqo
The synthesis of iron (II) sulfide involves reacting 1 equivalent of sulfur with 1 equivalent of iron. The reaction is initiated by a hot glass stirring rod into it. It is an extremely exothermic reaction.
This is an interesting reaction to use as a demonstration, but the product is useful. The Iron (II) sulfide, or FeS, can be reacted with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen sulfide gas. This is a very useful gas, but it is extremely toxic.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxAeQneITNA
In this video I play with a little bit of white phosphorus
I will eventually make a video on how to purify and clean the white phosphorus and how to make it from red phosphorus!
Link to my patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2448989&ty=h
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMlXhJevCV0
In this video we make chloroform from bleach and acetone. The yield is a little lower than expected because I used an 11% excess of acetone, which is too much.
This method was taken from Youtube user UC235. A link to his video is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYbnNufX5-c
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-PrAczOGb0
For this video, I decided to make Brooker’s Merocyanine, also called MOED, which exhibits solvatochromism. This means that it its color changes drastically, depending on the solvent that it’s dissolved in.
I thought this effect was really cool and I wanted to try it out myself. Also, chemical companies sell it for hundreds of dollars a gram, and I wanted to see how much cheaper I could make it for.
Procedure: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed054p709
Reference: https://cdn-pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja971477m
Special thanks to my Patron Jean-Pierre Ribreau (who I forgot to add to the final credit, I'm sorry!!),
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGG2GNvpwA4
I have a little gas cylinder is filled with extremely flammable hydrogen gas, and I really want to fill a balloon with it, and light it on fire.
WARNING: Hydrogen gas is extremely flammable and potentially explosive. It was handled in a controlled environment and is very dangerous if handled improperly.
Nile talks about lab safety (Chemistry is Dangerous): https://youtu.be/ftACSEJ6DZA
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NileRed Beaker mugs: https://nilered.tv/store
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#shorts
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SDvfK90gZ8