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The Etruscans, who lived primarily in the region now
known as Tuscany, emerged around the 8th century BCE. They had a
significant impact on the early Roman civilization and were eventually
absorbed by the Romans.
There were also various Italic tribes, including the
Latins, Sabines, and Samnites, who lived in the Italian peninsula from around
the 2nd millennium BCE. The Latins were the tribe from which the Romans
emerged.
Starting from the 8th century BCE, the Greeks established
colonies in southern Italy and Sicily, an area that was often referred to as
Magna Graecia.

Aeneas, a legendary figure of both Trojan and Roman mythology, is renowned as
the son of the divine Aphrodite and mortal Anchises. A part of Troy's royal lineage
and a kin of Hector, Aeneas was a distinguished defender of his city during the
Trojan War, demonstrating martial prowess second only to Hector himself. Homer's
work subtly hints at Aeneas' discontent with his secondary role, thereby giving rise
to a later narrative that posits Aeneas as a conspirator in Troy's betrayal to the
Greeks. However, a more prevalent version of his story portrays Aeneas as the
helm of the Trojan survivors following the Greek conquest of Troy. Regardless of
these divergent accounts, the common thread in all the narratives is the survival of
Aeneas, enabling him to be woven into the fabric of Roman mythology.
The connection of Homeric heroes to Italy and Sicily can be traced back to the 8th
century BCE, coinciding with the era when Homer's epics are believed to have
transitioned into written form. Greek colonies, established in Italy and Sicily during
this period and the ensuing century, often claimed lineage from figures central to
the Trojan War. Aeneas, in particular, was associated with various locales and
dynasties, notably within the region of Latium. As the Roman Empire expanded
throughout Italy and across the Mediterranean, Roman authors imbued with a
sense of patriotism sought to craft a mythological tradition that would
simultaneously infuse their land with historical grandeur and subdue an underlying
resentment towards Greek cultural hegemony. Aeneas, in his role as a Trojan
adversary of the Greeks, and with a post-war narrative open to interpretation, was
uniquely suited to embody the mythical precursor to the inception of Roman
supremacy.
Composed circa 29-19 BCE, Virgil's Aeneid narrates across 12 books the mythic
establishment of Lavinium, the precursor to Alba Longa and Rome, by the Trojan
hero Aeneas. As Virgil recounts, when the Greeks seized Troy, a resilient Aeneas
was instructed by the apparition of Hector to escape and initiate a significant city
abroad. Mustering his family and followers, Aeneas secured the penates—
household deities—of Troy. However, amidst the chaos of evacuation from the
burning city, his wife vanished. Her spirit later appeared to him, revealing his
destiny to venture to a land in the west where the Tiber River coursed.
Thus began Aeneas's epic journey, with stops in Thrace, Crete, and Sicily, and
fraught with a plethora of trials culminating in a shipwreck near Carthage on the
African coast. Here, he was hospitably received by Dido, the bereaved queen. As
he narrated his tale, they fell in love and he delayed his journey until a stern
reminder from the god Mercury refocused him on his ultimate objective: Rome.
Wracked with guilt, he immediately deserted Dido, who subsequently ended her
own life. Resuming his voyage, Aeneas eventually reached the mouth of the Tiber.
Upon his arrival, he was warmly greeted by Latinus, the regional king.
Nevertheless, several Italians, particularly Latinus's wife and Turnus, the Rutuli's
leader, contested the Trojan settlers and the prospective marriage alliance
between Aeneas and Latinus's daughter, Lavinia. War ensued, with the Trojans
emerging victorious and Turnus meeting his end. Subsequently, Aeneas wed
Lavinia and established Lavinium.
The legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, are depicted in Virgil's
Aeneid as the direct descendants of Aeneas, the Trojan hero whose destiny-led
escapades in discovering Italy form the crux of the epic. The lineage connecting
Romulus and Remus to Aeneas is through their maternal grandfather, Numitor.
Numitor, a former king of Alba Longa—an ancient city in Latium, central Italy—was
the father of Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus.
Prior to the twins' conception, Numitor's sovereignty was overthrown by his
younger brother, Amulius, who exploited the wealth of Alba Longa's treasury to
seize power. To preclude potential conflicts of succession, Amulius murdered
Numitor's male offspring and forced Rhea Silvia into the vestal order, thus obliging
her to maintain the sacred flame of Vesta, the hearth's patron goddess, and
uphold vows of chastity.


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHePXuni3IQ