In this video we make sulfuric acid by the copper chloride process.
The general idea is simple: Take a solution of copper (II) chloride and bubble sulfur dioxide into it until most of the copper (II) chloride is converted into copper (I) chloride. This reaction also converts the sulfur dioxide into sulfuric acid and produces hydrochloric acid. Now the copper chloride can be regenerated by bubbling air into the mixture until the copper chloride dissolves again. This cycle can be repeated. When you want to isolate the sulfuric acid you forgo air infusion for that step and filter off the preciptated copper chloride. Then you distill off the hydrochloric acid and water from the filtrate. The sulfuric acid left behind will precpitate out most of the remainig copper salts and when filtered will give you relatively pure sulfuric acid with some water and minor copper contamination. The copper chloride can be recombined with all the hydrochloric acid from before and the cycle repeated.
Related videos:
Make a heating mantle to distill sulfuric acid: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5meDWAqYes
Distilling sulfuric acid: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgUH0HXrOKE
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2AkVYxDSKc
In this video we show how Flameless Ration Heaters and self heating food containers work.
Inside of them is a water activated exothermic chemical reaction. The most common one is magnesium iron alloy and salt. When water is activated it produces magnesium hydroxide and plenty of heat. Less common mixtures include sodium hydroxide and aluminum, magnesium metal and sodium bisulfate, aluminum and calcium hydroxide, and calcium oxide alone with water.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCPwJbYM6iY
We make sodium silicate from drain cleaner and those little gel beads you find packaged with electronic items for humidity control.
The procedure is really simple, just make a solution of 10mL with 4-8grams of sodium hydroxide, use the full 8 grams if you want stoichiometric sodium silicate, and 4 grams if you want "liquid glass" solution for doing the chemical garden experiments.
Heat the solution and add in 6 grams worth of crushed silica gel beads. The finer the better. if they aren't dissolving, you might need to add more water.
Once it's dissolved, you'll have a concentrated solution of sodium silicate.
For experiments using Sodium Silicate solution, check out these videos:
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xltvwhogklI
In this video we make a blob of gallium "beat" like some weird alien heart attack.
To do it, add 2g of gallium to a 10mL solution of 6M sulfuric acid and warm it up on a hot plate to 50 Celsius. It'll pull together to form a sphere of gallium. Now carefully touch the gallium with an Iron nail or iron wire. What's happening is first the gallium is reacting the sulfuric to form gallium sulfate that sticks to the surface and increases the surface tension to the point that it pulls itself together into a sphere. Then when an iron nail touches it the iron transfers electrons to the gallium (while being oxidized itself and thus dissolving slightly) and this causes the gallium sulfate to reduce back to gallium. The surface tension drops and the gallium drops away, If the iron is held just right, the gallium will drop away from the iron. The gallium then react with the sulfuric acid again and create gallium sulfate and pull itself back into a sphere. The cycle will repeat.
LINK REMOVED - I am not affiliated with the supplier at this time. Cheaper sources of gallium can be found on ebay and amazon.com
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8Tc-5pUbH8
In this video we recover platinum from platinum containing laboratory chemical waste.
This method was heavily drawn from the method at this citation: G.B. Kauffman, L.A. Teter, Inorg. Synth. 7 (1963) 232–236
Now laboratory chemical waste needs to be incinerated first to remove all organic compounds. Chemical methods are not used because they are more expensive and cannot deal with all types of organic residues. Incineration is the cheapest broadly applicable solution. We've already done this in part 1 of this series: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeKZdJ1As7I
Now in this video we process the platinum concentrate powder into platinum metal. We're using 2.4g of platinum concentrate but your numbers may be adjusted accordingly
First we boil the powder with some concentrated hydrochloric acid. About 10-25ml of acid per gram of platinum concentrate. The mixture is then filtered and the residue is subjected to aqua regia digestion. About 4mL of aqua regia (3ml hcl and 1 mL nitric acid) for every gram of platinum concentrate. The mixture is gently heated to drive the reaction. After all the nitrogen oxides have been driven off the mixture is filtered and is again subjected to aqua regia treatment. This is repeated until the filtrate is a constant shade of light yellow or until stannous chloride testing shows no metals dissolving. The residue is then weighed to determine how much metal was dissolved.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7B-EwKOqqv4
In this video, we explore the process of making potassium permanganate, a valuable oxidant with a striking purple color. Starting with 43g of manganese dioxide, often obtained from greensand filter media, and 25g of potassium chlorate, the chemicals are thoroughly mixed. A can made of iron is chosen as the reaction vessel due to its resistance to the highly corrosive mixture.
All reagents are mixed long with 40mL of water and 60g of potassium hydroxide. The can is placed in a furnace and heated to 400 degrees Celsius for several hours. This step involves the oxidation of manganese dioxide to potassium manganate by potassium chlorate, with potassium hydroxide providing essential potassium ions and alkaline conditions.
Once cooled and soaked in water, the solid chunks of potassium manganate are retrieved. To convert potassium manganate into potassium permanganate, chlorine gas is used. A chlorine generator comprising 45g of trichloroisocyanuric acid in 100mL water and 75mL of 30% hydrochloric acid is employed to produce chlorine gas, which is then introduced into the potassium manganate flask. The reaction results in potassium permanganate with potassium chloride as a byproduct.
Once the reaction is complete, the mixture is vacuum-filtered and then chilled to separate potassium permanganate from potassium chloride and hypochlorite. The potassium permanganate crystals are beautiful black needles.
The final yield is approximately 30.7g or 39%, adjusted to 52% considering the purity of the manganese dioxide used. Both crystallizations of potassium permanganate are found to be 99% pure with a 1% margin of error, confirmed through titration.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62jzXwn3-G4
How to make sodium nitrate, which can substitute for potassium nitrate in almost all pyrotechnic purposes except flame color.
Note: Sodium Nitrate is somewhat hygroscopic. Stuff you make from it such as pyrotechnic compositions should be used soon after making and not stored for extended periods of time.
WARNING: Both procedures produce large quantities of ammonia gas. You have to do this experiment outside or in a fumehood.
First get ammonium nitrate from an instant cold pack as seen in our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iMeBxNcZf0
For the baking soda method. Get 80 grams of ammonium nitrate and dissolve it in 150mL of water. Filter it off directly into 84 grams of sodium bicarbonate, which is baking soda. Don't expect it to dissolve, it won't. Boil the mixture down to 100mL or less. This is needed to decompose the ammonium bicarbonate that's formed. You cannot simply evaporate the mixture. The boiling will release large amounts of ammonia so you have to do this outside or in a fumehood. Once it's boiled, leave it to evaporate until dry. Sodium nitrate will decompose if heated too strongly so you cannot boil it down all the way dry unless you can ensure the temperature never goes above 200 Celsius. Leaving a little water is the safest way to ensure the best product.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQJhf_24-QM
In this video we show how to make potassium chlorate from bleach.
To do this we boil down sodium hypochlorite to convert it into sodium chloride and sodium chlorate. While that's happening, in a separate container we dissolve an excess of potassium chloride in water to create a saturated solution. Continue boiling the bleach until sodium chloride crystals begin to form. Note the volume and boil off half of it.Sodium chlorate has higher solubility than sodium chloride, so boiling removes more sodium chloride, improving the yield. Stop heating and let the solution cool to room temperature. Filter out the sodium chloride crystals to retain the filtrate containing sodium chlorate and sodium chloride. Mix the filtrate with an equal volume of the saturated potassium chlorate solution to produce potassium chlorate, which precipitates out. Filter and collect the solid potassium chlorate.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Kq9r5vFoQU
How to make potassium nitrate at home with instant cold packs and "sodium-free" salt.
"Sodium-free" salt is actually potassium chloride. Instant cold packs contain ammonium nitrate and if the two are mixed potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride are formed in equilibrium. Fortunately potassium nitrate has lower solubility than ammonium chloride at colder temperatures giving us a means of separation.
Just mix 40 grams of ammonium nitrate with 100mL of water and stir until dissolved. Filter the mixture directly into 37 grams of potassium chloride. Gently heat until completely dissolved, do not boil. Cool the mixture to 0 Celsius in the freezer or on an ice bath. Filter the crystals and dry them. Now you have potassium nitrate.
To test it mix 2 parts potassium nitrate with one part sugar and light it up. It should burn with a purple/pinkish flame.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOjtlIxYYbs