Hoarding bronze objects has become a widespread phenomenon towards the end of 2nd millennium BC in Europe. Bronze age hoards mostly contained broken and used items like weapons, tools, pieces of attire and ingots. these depots were places of supplications and items as votive or purification offerings. In some places, rituals also took place nearby the hoards, and items donated to the underworld. Some such places had interregional fame and were visited by people from far and wide, bringing with them artifacts of their own cultures and customs. These continued into the iron age, as first iron weapons were placed into such hoards. The majority of such items are indeed weapons, which had already taken some damaged. It is presumed that victorious warriors had taken equipment of their defeated foe and offered it to the underworld. Similar rituals are described in some of the first written records of Italic, Etruscan and Venetian records, and much later by ancient Greek and Roman authors. While some hoards were not meant to be withdrawn, others were placed so they could still be accessed - items taken out or replaced at a later time. These sites had a function more similar to a temporary treasury, rather than a religious sanctuary. Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing Learn more history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU If you learned something interesting and want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ? Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19 #history #europe #archeology #shorts ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dzRnminFCg

Learn how the Roman Empire, under Marcus Aurelius, defended itself against an onslaught of barbaric invasions, centuries before its downfall. When the emperor Tiberius in 16 AD canceled all offensive plans in Germania, the borders of the Roman empire settled more or less on the Rhine-Danube frontier. The Roman frontier was always under threat by its barbaric neighbors, culminating in the Marcomannic wars,, surpassing any conflict Rome had faced until that point. But the war was becoming inevitable, despite the diplomatic attempts to postpone it as much as possible. Marcus Aurelius put in the effort to recruit new legions or transfer existing-ones, particularly those that were at the time posted at the battlefield against the Parthian empire. These troops brought with them the Antonine plague which additionally devastated the Roman Empire. Despite turning the tide against the tribes of invading Marcomanni, Quadi, Iazyges and others, and defeating them, the barbarians would continue to rise up against Rome again and again. Marcus Aurelius had plans to expand Roman borders, but other conflicts and his eventual death prevented him to do that, His son Commodus succeeded him on the throne and finished the Marcomannic wars,, though he retreated his forces to the original Roman border at the Rhine-Danube frontier. It would be more accurate to call this war Germanic-Sarmatian war due to the wide variety and numbers of peoples it involved, especially the dangerous Quadi and Iazyges. This war presented a massive challenge to the Roman empire that suffered and continued to suffer with Antonine plague even after the wars. The protective frontier along the Danube that was being built and expanded for more than half a century proved inadequate. Along this, the superiority of the Roman army over the Barbaric hordes became questionable. The war, the pandemic, and the death of the last of the “five good emperors” put the empire on the back foot. The quality of life for the declining number of Roman inhabitants worsened and during this time new settlers from Greece changed the ethnic structure of the provinces like Pannonia. It is also during this period that the Germanic peoples were allowed for the first time to settle within the Roman empire by the emperor’s decree, especially in those provinces that were most affected by the pandemic. . The war didn't provide a satisfactory conclusion to the problems that would culminate in the following years and ultimately lead into the decline of the Roman empire. The Germanic and Sarmatian peoples were still under pressure from the tribes outside and would continue to rise in rebellion again and again, and the Roman frontier was far from impregnable. However, it was also thanks to Marcus Aurelius, who successfully protected Rome’s borders, that the empire’s independent development continued for another century. Timestamps: 0:00 - Prelude and Context for the Marcomannic Wars 3:44 - Antonine Plague 5:24 - Barbarians March into Italy 6:13 - Death of Lucius Verus 7:15 - Second Phase of the War 10:31 - Rome goes on the Offensive 11:03 - The Rain Miracle 14:05 - Second Marcomannic War 15:12 - Marcus Aurelius Dies 15:47 - Marcomannic Wars Ending and their Aftermath I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... You know how YouTube works. ? Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing Next Video - Rise of Tiberius and Pannonian Uprising https://youtu.be/aNdAj470Opw Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 21 #history #ancienthistory #ancientrome #historyofeurope #romanempire #AncientRome #RomanHistory ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0OyUkKXVd8