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What is ANAPHASE LAG? What does ANAPHASE LAG mean? ANAPHASE LAG meaning - ANAPHASE LAG definition - ANAPHASE LAG explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
One of many ways to induce Aneuploidy, Anaphase Lag is a mechanism by which a sister chromatid is lost through the course of cell division due to improper spindle formation and subsequent segregation of chromatids. This event can occur during both meiosis and mitosis with unique repercussions. In either case, anaphase lag will cause one daughter cell to receive a complete set of chromosomes while the other lacks one paired set of chromosomes, creating a form of monosomy. The survival of this monosomic daughter cell will depend on which sister chromatid has been lost as well as the background genomic state of the cell. The passage of abnormal numbers of chromosomes will have unique consequences with regards to mosaicism and development as well as the progression and heterogeneity of cancers.
There are two notable mechanisms that cause Anaphase Lag, each of which are characterized by merotelic attachments of kinetochores to the microtubules responsible for chromatid separation. Merotelic attachments occur when a single centromere kinetochore attaches to microtubules originating from both spindle poles of the dividing cell. The merotelic attachments can occur in two ways: centrosome spindle attachments from both poles on the same chromatid kinetochore or the formation of a third centrosome whose microtubule spindles attach to a chromatid kinetochore. Because the chromatid is being pulled in two opposing directions or away from the correct centriole, it cannot migrate to the mass of segregated chromatids at either pole. If the migration is significantly delayed the reformation of nuclei will begin to occur without a full complement of chromosomes. This nuclear envelope formation is also seen for the lone lagging sister chromatid, forming a micronucleus. The micronucleus has the capacity to persist in the daughter cell but with abnormal replication and maintenance machinery. This allows for the accumulation of mutations, increasing the potential for future miss-segregation events. In total these events cause problematic aneuploid cells with increased genomic instability. This has important implications in the development and persistence of cancers as well as debilitating developmental diseases.
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What is MIDDLE-MARKET COMPANY? What does MIDDLE-MARKET COMPANY mean? MIDDLE-MARKET COMPANY meaning - MIDDLE-MARKET COMPANY definition - MIDDLE-MARKET COMPANY explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
Authorities provide differing definitions of the middle-market or mid-market companies. While some authorities look to revenue generated by companies to define the middle market, other sources regard either asset size or number of employees as a better metric for comparing company sizes.
Definitions of the middle market are generally derived by dividing the United States economy into three categories: small business, middle-market, and big business. According to figures collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, the total revenue of all U.S. businesses in 2012 was roughly $32.6 trillion. The largest of these companies, which are big businesses with revenue of over $3 billion, make up roughly one-third of that total, and businesses with a revenue of under $100 million made up about another third of the total revenue. The middle market can thus be defined as the companies larger than small businesses but smaller than big businesses that account for the middle third of the U.S. economy’s revenue. Each of these companies earns an annual revenue of between $100 million and $3 billion.
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What is AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL? What does AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL mean? AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL meaning - AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL definition - AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL explanation.
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Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) is an X-ray exposure termination device. A medical radiography x-ray exposure is always initiated by a human operator but an AEC detector system may be used to terminate the exposure when a predetermined amount of radiation has been received. The intention of AEC is to provide consistent x-ray image exposure, whether to film, a digital detector or a CT scanner. AEC systems may also automatically set exposure factors such as the X-ray tube current and voltage.
In projectional radiography an AEC system uses one or more physically thin radiation ionization chambers (the "AEC detector") which is positioned between the patient being x-rayed and the x-ray film cassette. Where low energy x-rays are used such as in mammography the AEC detector is placed behind the image receptor to avoid creating a shadow.:106
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What is FULL DEPTH RECYCLING? What does FULL DEPTH RECYCLING mean? FULL DEPTH RECYCLING meaning - FULL DEPTH RECYCLING definition - FULL DEPTH RECYCLING explanation.
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Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
Full depth recycling or full depth reclamation (FDR), is a process that rebuilds worn out asphalt pavements by recycling the existing roadway.
Old asphalt and base materials are pulverized using a specialized machine called a reclaimer. On top of the pulverized material, water is added to reach the optimal moisture content for compaction and then a variety of materials, such as dry cement, lime, fly ash, or asphalt emulsion are incorporated for stabilization. A reclaimer is used again to mix all the materials. After shaping and grading, the new base is compacted to produce a strong, durable base for either an asphalt or concrete surface.
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What is ATARI DEMOCRAT? What does ATARI DEMOCRAT mean? ATARI DEMOCRAT meaning - ATARI DEMOCRAT definition - ATARI DEMOCRAT explanation.
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Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
In 1980s and 1990s US politics, the phrase Atari Democrat refers to Democratic legislators who suggested that the support and development of high tech and related businesses would stimulate the economy and create jobs. The term refers to the Atari brand of video game consoles and arcade machines, which was prominent in the 1980s.
A 1983 San Jose Mercury News article defined "Atari Democrats" as "smart young congressmen who sought to make the restoration of American business their issue". A 1984 Philadelphia Inquirer article defined the term as "a young liberal trying to push the party toward more involvement with high-tech solutions." It also noted that, "Since July 1982, it has appeared in The New Yorker, Business Week, Fortune, Time and in The Wall Street Journal." A few years later, in 1989, The New York Times suggested that Atari Democrats, now also known as "Democrats' Greens", were "young moderates who saw investment and high technology as the contemporary answer to the New Deal." The Times also discussed a generation gap which developed during the 1980s between older liberals who maintained an interest in traditional visions of social liberalism and Atari Democrats who attempted to find a middle ground:
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What is AUTOMATED BUSINESS PROCESS? What does AUTOMATED BUSINESS PROCESS mean? AUTOMATED BUSINESS PROCESS meaning - AUTOMATED BUSINESS PROCESS definition - AUTOMATED BUSINESS PROCESS explanation.
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Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
Many computer systems are available in the commercial marketplace that address the various aspects of Business Process Management. Most address one specific set of functionality; for instance, some allow the processes to be mapped (see Business Process Mapping) and documented (such as Visio); others allow for simulations to take place (such as ARIS). But most of these are very limited in their ability to address the full requirements of BPM.
Very few systems provide for full automation. These allow the users to define the process flow and then enter the business rules' that generate the complete working system, including the database and all application logic. They also provide full management facilities to manage the running of the processes (such as changing users when someone is off sick), as well as a complete history trail so that activity-based costing analyses can take place. They also provide full statistical analyses (P and R measures) that allow the automated process to be changed and improved.
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What is DURBIN AMENDMENT? What does DURBIN AMENDMENT mean? DURBIN AMENDMENT meaning - DURBIN AMENDMENT definition - DURBIN AMENDMENT explanation.
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The Durbin amendment is a provision of United States federal law, 15 U.S.C. § 1693o-2, that requires the Federal Reserve to limit fees charged to retailers for debit card processing. It was passed as part of the Dodd-Frank financial reform legislation in 2010, as a last-minute addition by Illinois Senator Richard Durbin, after whom the amendment is named.
After the rule to limit fees, 12 C.F.R. §235, went into effect, a coalition of merchants sued the Federal Reserve. The rule was upheld when the Supreme Court denied petition for certiorari in 2014.
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