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In this video we construct and demonstrate a Dean-Stark trap. A very useful piece of equipment when distilling azeotropic mixtures of immisicble liquids.
In this video we pit the precious metal of platinum against various common chemicals.
Turns out the platinum is resistant to hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid. But it can be tarnished by molten sodium hydroxide.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fro-L5gSyh4
We demonstrate the simple combustive oxidation of iron by burning a common household item: Steel wool.
Normally we do not think of iron as being flammable, this is because bulk iron doesn't self-sustain its burning like most flammable materials. But the strands of steel wool are thin enough with enough surface area that heat produced is self-sustaining and will continue to burn through if there is enough air present.
To do this, simply pull apart and fluff up the steel wool to separate the strands. Then simply set it on fire. The steel wool should then burn flamelessly creating iron oxide.
You can also use a 9-volt battery and short out the terminals across the steel wool, the resistive heating should be hot enough to start it lit.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MDH92VxPEQ
How to make sodium nitrate, which can substitute for potassium nitrate in almost all pyrotechnic purposes except flame color.
Note: Sodium Nitrate is somewhat hygroscopic. Stuff you make from it such as pyrotechnic compositions should be used soon after making and not stored for extended periods of time.
WARNING: Both procedures produce large quantities of ammonia gas. You have to do this experiment outside or in a fumehood.
First get ammonium nitrate from an instant cold pack as seen in our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iMeBxNcZf0
For the baking soda method. Get 80 grams of ammonium nitrate and dissolve it in 150mL of water. Filter it off directly into 84 grams of sodium bicarbonate, which is baking soda. Don't expect it to dissolve, it won't. Boil the mixture down to 100mL or less. This is needed to decompose the ammonium bicarbonate that's formed. You cannot simply evaporate the mixture. The boiling will release large amounts of ammonia so you have to do this outside or in a fumehood. Once it's boiled, leave it to evaporate until dry. Sodium nitrate will decompose if heated too strongly so you cannot boil it down all the way dry unless you can ensure the temperature never goes above 200 Celsius. Leaving a little water is the safest way to ensure the best product.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQJhf_24-QM
So i've been trying to make lithium in a similar way to making sodium as shown in previous videos. But lithium synthesis appears to be very slow. Fortunately, this proves that all our previous samples of sodium that was made using lithium is probably very pure since lithium cannot be made under the same conditions.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crom-TLcCQ4
I have a very exciting progress report: I've successfully made sodium by the alcohol catalyzed magnesium reduction approach!
After many failures i decided to go to other end of the spectrum and try an experiment constructed under ideal conditions that would have far greater chances of working. While it would be thousands of times more expensive to make sodium this way, it would nonetheless prove or disprove whether it was possible. If it failed, it would show it was impossible or just very hard and thus not worth pursuing with my limited time.
To do it, 10mL of 7-hexyl-7-tridecanol were placed in a flask with 0.5g sodium metal (to jump start the reaction). A reflux condenser was fitted over the flask and the contents heated until the sodium melted and dissolved. 3g of magnesium metal was added and heated for another 30 minutes. 4g of sodium hydroxide was added and heated for three hours. Tiny spheres of sodium formed as alcohol catalyzed the reaction of sodium hydroxide and magnesium metal.
This was a success. And thus proves that we can make sodium this way and thus it's worth to keep trying for cheaper conditions.
Related videos:
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4vDwQ4TyIc
How to make aluminum nitrate nonhydrate, one of the chemicals needed to make glow in the dark powder.
In an upcoming video we'll need aluminum nitrate nonahydrate.
The chemical formula is Al(NO3)3.9H2O
Warning: These reactions must be performed outside or in a fumehood.
At first it might seem that simply mixing aluminum with nitric acid can be done. But interestingly enough, aluminum is immune to the effects of nitric acid. So in order to make aluminum nitrate a two step method is needed.
First the aluminum is dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid. This produces a solution of aluminum trichloride.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Ha1SJrazY
We make the classic copper sulfate and zinc battery using the incredibly easy "gravity" battery design approach. Great for science fairs and similar projects this battery can be used to explore many basic concepts in batteries.
All the components can be gotten from our previous videos:
Copper sulfate:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arlYPz3EP7A
Zinc: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knc1lSupAwQ
Sulfuric acid: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okvvD3-DF9U
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Id3tL2iI0Vw
In this video we fail miserably to distill sulfuric acid by vacuum distillation
Related videos:
Make a heating mantle to distill sulfuric acid: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5meDWAqYes
Distilling sulfuric acid: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgUH0HXrOKE
Vacuum aspirator pump: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYLlkTDstmo
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLbAjGV7L8A
In this video, I'll be demonstrating three methods to produce sulfur dioxide gas. Sulfur dioxide, while undesirable on its own due to its toxicity and environmental impact, serves as a crucial precursor for various chemical processes, including the production of sulfuric acid. These methods have been showcased in previous videos, but I've compiled them here for easy reference.
Method 1: Burning Sulfur
The most cost-effective approach involves burning sulfur. Elemental sulfur, often used in gardening and pest control, is readily available. By burning it and capturing the resulting sulfur dioxide, we can utilize it for various reactions. A gas capture setup is essential, comprising a metal funnel over the burning sulfur, connected to a coil of copper tubing to cool the gas, and finally linked to a reaction flask using plastic tubing. Vacuum assistance is used to pull the gas into the apparatus, eliminating the need for a sealed combustion chamber.
Link to aspirator vacuum pump: https://youtu.be/tYLlkTDstmo
Method 2: Sulfuric Acid Decomposition
This method involves adding elemental sulfur to concentrated sulfuric acid within a sealed distillation setup. The sulfuric acid decomposes the sulfur to produce sulfur dioxide and water. While this approach yields relatively pure sulfur dioxide, it is slow and inefficient for amateur chemists. Moreover, the risk of dealing with boiling hot sulfuric acid makes it impractical for most.
Method 3: Sodium Metabisulfite Acidification
The most convenient yet costly method involves sodium metabisulfite and hydrochloric acid. A generator is set up with water, sodium metabisulfite, and hydrochloric acid. Upon opening a valve, the hydrochloric acid reacts with the sodium metabisulfite to instantly produce sulfur dioxide gas. This method offers convenience, immediate gas production, and purity, making it preferable for many applications. Sodium metabisulfite, found online and used in food preservation, is readily available for purchase.
In summary, these three methods provide options for generating sulfur dioxide gas, each with its advantages and drawbacks. The choice of method depends on factors like cost, convenience, purity, and safety considerations for specific applications.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AFKlLSwUZ4