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Egyptian Cosmology: The Animated Universe
Author: Moustafa Gadalla
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Egyptian cosmology is humanistic, coherent, comprehensive, consistent, logical, analytical, and rational. This book is informative and well written, so that the whole spectrum of readers--from the serious to the casual--will find the subjects enlightening. The book surveys the applicability of Egyptian cosmological concepts to our modern understanding of the nature of the universe, creation, science, and philosophy, such as ul lThe Egyptians expression of monotheistic mysticism. l lThe Big Bang that started the universe, as described in the Egyptian Texts. l lThe numerical codes of creation. l lThe Egyptian concept of the universal energy matrix, how the social and political structures were a reflection of the universe, and the interactions between the nine universal realms, etc. l lThe Egyptians perpetual cosmic consciousness - As Above, So Below and As Below, So Above - and its applications to man and society. l lThe Big Crunch would end the universe, and the Big Bounce would start creation all over again, as foretold in the Egyptian Texts.l ul **About the Author Moustafa Gadalla is an Egyptian-American independent Egyptologist, who was born in Cairo, Egypt in 1944. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from Cairo University. Gadalla is the author of eleven internationally acclaimed books about the various aspects of the Ancient Egyptian history and civilization and its influences worldwide. He is the chairman of the Tehuti Research Foundationan international, U.S.-based, non-profit organization, dedicated to Ancient Egyptian studies. From his early childhood, Gadalla pursued his Ancient Egyptian roots with passion, through continuous study and research. Since 1990, he has dedicated and concentrated all his time to researching and writing. Excerpt. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 5 - The Dualistic Nature, Item #5 The Egyptian Pharaoh was always referred to as the Lord of the Two Lands. Western academia cavalierly stated that the Two Lands are Upper and Lower Egypt. There is not a single Ancient Egyptian reference to confirm their notion, or even to define such a frontier between Upper and Lower Egypt. Throughout Ancient Egyptian temples, you will find numerous symbolic representations relating to the ceremony of Uniting the Two Lands, where two neteru are shown tying the papyrus and lotus plants. Neither plant is native to any specific area in Egypt. The most common representation shows the twin neteru, Hapi (a mirror-image of each other), each as unisex with one breast. The term, Two Lands, is very familiar to the Baladi Egyptians, who refer to it in their daily life. It is their strong belief that there are Two Lands - the one we live on, and another one where our identical twins (of the opposite sex) live. The two are subject to the same experiences from date of birth to date of death. [More about this concept throughout this book, and particularly chapter 21.] You and your Siamese twin, who apparently separate at birth, will re-unite again at the moment of death. The Baladi Egyptian Enumerators describe, in their lamentations after the death of a person, how the deceased is being prepared to join hisher counterpart (of the opposite sex), AS IF it is a marriage ceremony. This is reminiscent of the many symbolic illustrations in Ancient Egypt of the tying the knot of the Two Lands. To be married is to tie the knot. As far back as the Unas (so-called Pyramid) Texts, one finds that the Pharaoh Unas (2356-2323 BCE) unitesjoins with Auset (Isis) immediately after departing the earthly realm. This is based on the premise that since every man is Ausar in his dead form, each joins hisher counterpart (Auset in the case of a man), at the moment of the earthly departure.
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93039
Author: Conor McHugh
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Epistemology, like ethics, is normative. Just as ethics addresses questions about how we ought to act, so epistemology addresses questions about how we ought to believe and enquire. We can also ask metanormative questions. What does it mean to claim that someone ought to do or believe something? Do such claims express beliefs about independently existing facts, or only attitudes of approval and disapproval towards certain pieces of conduct? How do putative factsabout what people ought to do or believe fit in to the natural world? In the case of ethics, such questions have been subject to extensive and systematic investigation, yielding the thriving subdiscipline of metaethics. Yet the corresponding questions have been largely ignored in epistemology there isno serious subdiscipline of metaepistemology. This surprising state of affairs reflects a more general tendency for ethics and epistemology to be carried out largely in isolation from each other, despite the important substantive and structural connections between them. A movement to overturn the general tendency has only recently gained serious momentum, and has yet to tackle metanormative questions in a sustained way. This edited collection aims to stimulate this project and thus advance the new subdiscipline of metaepistemology. Its original essays draw on the sophisticated theories and frameworks that have been developed in metaethics concerning practical normativity, examine whether they can be applied to epistemic normativity, and consider what this might tell us aboutboth.**About the Author Conor McHugh is Associate Professor in Philosophy at the University of Southampton. He works on a range of topics in epistemology, philosophy of mind, and ethics broadly construed. These include the nature of belief and of attitudes more generally, normativity, reasons and reasoning, mental agency, doxastic non-voluntarism and self-knowledge. He has published in Ethics, Mind, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Philosophical Issues, Philosophical Studies, Analysis, Analytic Philosophy, Erkenntnis, Thought, Synthese, the European Journal of Philosophy, Pacific PhilosophicalN Quarterly, and collections published by OUP and Ithaque, among other places. Jonathan Way is Associate Professor in Philosophy at the University of Southampton. He works on a range of topics in ethics and epistemology, broadly construed. These include the nature of reasons, rationality, value, normativity, and reasoning. He has published papers in Ethics, Mind, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, Philosophical Studies, Philosophical Quarterly, Oxford Studies in Metaethics, Philosophical Issues, the Oxford Handbook of Reasons and Normativity, and Analysis, among other places. Daniel Whiting is Professor in Philosophy at the University of Southampton. He works on a wide range of subjects, including epistemology, ethics, philosophy of language, aesthetics, philosophy of mind, and the history of philosophy. Recent topics include reasons and rationality the norms of belief, assertion, and practical reasoning normative testimony and epistemic value. He has published numerous papers in journals such as Nous, Philosophical Studies, Analysis, Erkenntnis, British Journal of Aesthetics, Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, and Pacific Philosophical Quarterly.
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114866
Author: Bernard Williams
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We tend to suppose that the ancient Greeks had primitive ideas of the self, of responsibility, freedom, and shame, and that now humanity has advanced from these to a more refined moral consciousness. Bernard Williamss original and radical book questions this picture of Western history. While we are in many ways different from the Greeks, Williams claims that the differences are not to be traced to a shift in these basic conceptions of ethical life. We are more like the ancients than we are prepared to acknowledge, and only when this is understood can we properly grasp our most important differences from them, such as our rejection of slavery.The author is a philosopher, but much of his book is directed to writers such as Homer and the tragedians, whom he discusses as poets and not just as materials for philosophy. At the center of his study is the question of how we can understand Greek tragedy at all, when its world is so far from ours.Williams explains how it is that when the ancients speak, they do not merely tell us about themselves, but about ourselves. In a new foreword A.A. Long explores the impact of this volume in the context of Williamss stunning career.From Library JournalThis book is about ancient Greek ethical ideas, primarily of Homer and the tragedians. Denying that modern ethical understanding is merely a progressive version of Greek thought, Williams contends that the ancients ideas can illuminate our own. His question is how to respond to a view grounded in supernatural conceptions we have long since discarded. He examines Greek ideas of agency, intention, practical deliberation, akrasia (weakness of will), necessity, and so forth, analyzing which motivations the Greeks found admirable and, especially, how shame, guilt, regret, and forgiveness interrelate. Significant contrasts concern whether the moral self is characterless, what warrants self-respect, and how to regard unintentionally caused suffering. Clearly written, well argued, and carefully documented, the book should interest classicists and philosophers alike.- Robert Hoffman, York Coll., 1993 Reed Business Information, Inc. ReviewA dazzlingly clever and agile assault. . . . Williamss treatment of shame is brilliant. . . . Mr Williamss mind is subtle, his reasoning complex. In places this is a difficult book, but always because the argument requires it essentially, it is a model of philosophical lucidity. And though it is deeply serious, we can often catch an ironic inflection in the authors voice. -- Richard Jenkyns, New York Times Book ReviewBrilliant, demanding, disturbing. -- Bernard Knox, The New York Review of BooksClearly written, well argued, and carefully documented. -- Library JournalPoets often prove to be much better observers of human thought, character and action than philosophers, historians or psychologists, who are apt to launch into theory and generalisation before they have a good description of what they are setting out to explain. This is what Williamss discussions of the ancient texts bring out in every instance, and what makes his book worth reading, not just for those who are interested in the question whether we have made any real moral progress, but also for those who are interested in the Greeks, or in the varieties of ethical experience. -- Gisela Striker, London Review of Books
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