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Assessment and Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain by Andrew T. Austin (Mirror Box Therapy) based on the original ideas of V.S. Ramachandran. Video 1. 00.01 Introduction and background 04.00 Amputations in hospital, patient experience of visual representation and feedback 05.50 Patient experience of kinaesthetic representation and feedback 06.50 The mirror box, the rationale for the choice of style and construct 08.25 Vilyanur Ramachandran, Phantoms in The Brain. 09.25 Phantom limb pain case study/example (edited to remove confidential details) 12.30 Ramachandran, change the picture 12.57 Assessment of patient (PTSD) 23.10 Assessment of patient (delayed organic depression) 26.24 Assessment of patient (dysmorphic distress) 32.10 Assessment of patient (secondary depression and anxiety) 36.45 Assessment of patient (pre-morbid conditions) --------------------------------- Notes: 1. The mirror box ("mirror visual feedback (MVF)") technique is invariably more effective and dramatic when working with a phantom arm rather than the leg. Where there is a below-knee amputation, success is usually greater than with an above-knee amputation. If you have data suggesting differently to this, please get in touch, I'd like to hear from you. My email: freshnewbrain@gmail.com 2. Where sensory “remapping” occurs, i.e. stimulation to the corresponding cheek, neck and throat elicit sensation in the phantom hand/forearm, the mirror box approach is invariably successful. Where no remapping occurs, results are less significant, incomplete or entirely absent with no benefit bein derived from MVF. I have no idea why this should be the case. 3. Where the pain is caused by nerve pain or stump pain, the mirror box is of little benefit. Many patients, and indeed clinicians, find it difficult to differentiate between tump pain and phantom limb pain. Of course, both issues may be present in the same patient thus confusing the issue for all concerned. 4. Therapists using the mirror box find it doesn’t work primarily for a very simple reason – they don’t set things up appropriately. For example, one chap with amputation of left arm at shoulder level following brachial plexus injury had the problem that the phantom arm was twisted up behind his back. Therefore at this juncture, there is no value in using the mirror box. First, we had to manipulate the phantom into a position whereby it was in front of him so that it could be placed into the box. Another patient, having manipulated the phantom into the right position found no benefit from the mirror until we removed his wristwatch from his remaining wrist. The illusion needs to be total and convincing. 5. At the point the `effect` occurs with the mirror, there is usually an overwhelming release of emotion that is not unplea ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmJVgRuPGFg