Planetology Online Course https://giladjames.com Section: Technologies for Deviation of Asteroids and Cleaning of Earth Orbit by Space Debris Lesson: Special equipment which uses concentrated solar light for earth protection against asteroids: “light gun” - PART 1 Introduction Today, there is no reliable nor efficient system which can destroy or deflect asteroids or comets on a collision trajectory with the Earth. At this very moment, we cannot comprehend what could happen if an asteroid impacts the Earth. On April 13, 2029, we might experience just that because asteroid Apophis will pass below the orbit of low earth orbit (LEO) satellites and its exact trajectory cannot be predicted. Albert Einstein, in his general theory of relativity, says that the elliptical orbit of any cosmic body is rotating around the ellipse center (i.e., the perihelion of the orbit is moving continuously). The elliptical orbit or trajectory of any cosmic body (i.e., asteroids, comets, etc.) can be permanently altered by the gravity of other asteroids and planets. Due to this reason, asteroids can be involved in collisions that cause sudden trajectory changes. The trajectory change could one day be toward the Earth, because asteroids have relatively small masses; thus a change in its trajectory is significant. According to estimates, there are over 150 million asteroids in our solar system, most of them are grouped in what is called an asteroid belt (see ) and have trajectories passing close to the Earth (see ). NASA’s revised estimate of the number of near-Earth asteroids provided by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) during the NEOWISE project had the number of larger than 100-m objects which are considered medium- to large-sized asteroids at 500. Near-Earth asteroids smaller than 100 m were not studied, and at a later time, near-Earth comets will be analyzed. Asteroid belt. Near-Earth discovered steroids. For asteroids larger than 1000 m, the revised number is down to 981 from a prior estimate of about 1000. Out of the 981 large-sized asteroids, NASA managed to estimate with great precision the size of each individual. The number of asteroids that disintegrate into the atmosphere is surprisingly very high (see ) which demonstrates that the problem with asteroid impact is very alarming. Number of asteroids that have been disintegrated in the Earth’s atmosphere during 1994–2013. Two proposed solutions for the Earth’s protection against asteroids are synthesized in. The first protection method is presented in , and it relies on capturing small celestial objects. The second method is presented in , and it relies on a satellite carrying a nuclear-powered laser which deflects asteroids through local vaporization (laser ablation). Asteroid capture system. Asteroid deflection using laser rays. Other solutions propose asteroid gravity tractor, kinetic impact, nuclear explosive devices, etc. It is quite clear that these solutions are not completely satisfactory. Asteroids can be very large objects, most of them are rotating conglomerates formed through accumulation of debris after colliding with other asteroids. Measurements of rotation rates of large asteroids located in the asteroids belt yielded no upper limit. No asteroid with a diameter larger than 100 m has a rotation period smaller than 2.2 h. However, a solid object formed through accumulation of debris after collisions between asteroids should be able to rotate much faster. Due to these issues, the Earth’s protection against asteroids has no satisfactory solution just yet. Also in the near-Earth region, there are not only asteroids and comets, there’s also man-made debris as a result of space exploration missions manned and unmanned. Man-made space debris already represents a great threat to the safety of space exploration and exploitation. Most of the space debris is concentrated in the near-Earth space region in the low earth orbit (LEO) and geostationary earth orbit (GEO) (see Figures 6 and 7). Space debris are composed of nonfunctional rocket boosters, spent rocket upper stages, paint flakes, chunks of slag from solid rocket motors, old science experiment equipment, nonfunctional satellites, various fragments which are t #planetology ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_EmsAd8uLM

Contributions to Mineralization Online Course https://giladjames.com Section: Petrology, Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Greisens Associated with Tin-Tungsten Mineralisation: Hub Stock Deposit at Krásno–Horní Slavkov Ore District, Czech Republic Lesson: Lithian mica Contributions to Mineralization. This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com. Introduction Greisenisation is one of the most significant wall rock alterations, which occurs in granite-related tin-tungsten ore deposits. Historically, the term “greisen” has been used firstly by miners from the Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge Mts. to describe wall rocks consisting of quartz, mica and topaz surrounding the Sn-W mineralisation. This area hosts a number of Sn-W deposits (e.g., Cínovec/Zinnwald, Altenberg, Ehrenfriedersdorf, Krásno–Horní Slavkov) bound to greisenised stocks of the Variscan granitic bodies. These granites represent highly fractionated granites of the Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge batholith. Besides the Cornwall ore fields in England, these deposits were an important European source of tin from the Bronze Age until 1991. The largest Sn-W-Li-Nb-Ta ore deposit in the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district is part of the Hub and Schnöd granite stocks, where Sn-W mineralisation of the greisen type was exploited from the 1200s to 1991. The total historical production of the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district is estimated at 52,000 tons of tin . This study was carried out to characterise petrological, mineralogical and geochemical features of the Hub stock greisens. The presented data provide a basis for definition of the alteration zoning and also basis for estimating the magnitude of mass transfer and the integrated fluid flux involved in the formation of the stock greisen system. Geological setting The Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district comprises mineralised topaz granite stocks along the SE margin of the Krudum granite body in the Slavkovský les Mts. area ( Figure 1 ). The Krudum granite body is part of the Western Erzgebirge pluton. The inner structure of the granite stocks in the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district is remarkably stratified, comprising greisens, weakly greisenised topaz alkali-feldspar granites, and layers of alkali-feldspar syenites ( Figure 2 ). According to the most widely accepted genetic models, the topaz alkali-feldspar granite stocks represent the apical parts of highly fractionated granite bodies. Greisens with Sn-W mineralisation are developed predominantly in the upper part of the Hub stock ( Figures 2 and 3 ). The greisens are represented according to modal classification predominantly by Li-mica-topaz and topaz-Li-mica greisens. The Li-mica and quartz greisens are less abundant. Very rare topaz greisens occur as small lenses in topaz-Li-mica greisens. Greisens occur in two structural types. The first and dominant one (greisens I) forms irregular bodies and lenses of various sizes. The uppermost part of the Hub stock is filled by massive greisen body, alternating deeper in the stock centres with weakly or intensively altered topaz granites. The lenticular greisen bodies are locally oriented parallel to the elongation of the stock; however, their form is usually irregular without sharp contact with weakly altered granites ( Figure 3 ). The second type (greisen II) forms fracture-controlled bodies, sometimes occurring together with quartz veins ( Figure 4a ). Geological sketch map of the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district. Schematic cross section of the south-eastern part of the Krudum granite body (after , modified by author). Schematic cross section of the hub stock (after , modified by author). (a) Greisenisation II developed around the fissure in weakly greisenised topaz granite, hub stock, 4 level; (b) cassiterite-rich ore domain hosted in weakly greisenised topaz granite, hub stock, 4 level (photo of M. Košatka, 1987). The occurrence of Sn-W mineralisation is controlled by the contact between granites and gneissic country rock. The highest ore concentrations occur, with some exceptions, in greisens and less frequently in the highly greisenised and argillitised topaz granites. The Sn-W mineralisation can be subdivid #contributions #to #mineralization ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rcz59KFUuA

Advanced Remote Sensing Technology for Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications, Tsunami Disasters, and Infrastructure Online Course https://giladjames.com Section: L-Band SAR Disaster Monitoring for Harbor Facilities Using Interferometric Analysis Lesson: Differential interferometric SAR Advanced Remote Sensing Technology for Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications, Tsunami Disasters, and Infrastructure. This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com. Introduction Satellite microwave data, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), have the great potential for retrieving ocean dynamic parameters, for instance, ocean surface current and ocean wave dynamic. One of the attention-grabbing topics is current flow that is needed for short go back satellite cycle and high resolution. These will provide precisely data concerning current dynamic flow. In fact, current is very important for ship navigation, fishing, waste matter substances transport, and sediment transport. Respectively, optical and microwave sensors are enforced to monitor the current flows. Indeed, the ocean surface dynamic options of sea surface current are vital parameters for atmospheric-sea surface interactions. In this regard, the global climate change, marine pollution, and coastal risky are preponderantly dominated by current speed and direction. The measurements of ocean current from space rely on the electromagnetic signal. Truly, associate degree of an electromagnetic signal of optical and microwave reflects from the ocean carrying records concerning one among the first discernible quantities that are the color, the beamy temperature, the roughness, and also the height of the ocean . Recently, the high resolution of SAR sensors such as TerraSar-X, RADARSAT-2, ALOS PALSAR, and the foremost three of the Italian satellite of COSMO-SkyMed have been commenced. Once the four satellites in the COSMO-SkyMed constellation are developed, they are conceivable functioning with a tiny resume time of a little hours. Nevertheless, the initial three of the COSMO-SkyMed, ALOS PALSAR, and RADARSAT-2, satellite data are the cross-track interferometry, which do not allow determining neither coastal water flow nor coastal water level changing. In this regard, the TerraSAR-X satellite data use an along-track interferometric proficiency which simply permits the quantity of sea surface speed. Additionally, phase alterations between the coregistered pixels of an image pair are consistent to Doppler frequency shifts of the signal backscattered and according to line-of-sight velocities of the scatterers. In this view, phase alterations include influences of surface flows and of the dynamic of wave movement. Consequently, the retrieving of tidal current flow can be accurately achieved by both of TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X. These can be depleted to regulate precisely coastal water height fluctuations. The TerraSAR-X can regulate perfectly the digital surface model (DSM), where depiction of surface-containing topographies exceeds the terrain height, for example, plants and constructions through precision of 2 m. Moreover, TanDEM-X involves dual high-resolution imaging SAR data. In this understanding, both TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X are hovering in tandem and establishing an enormous radar interferometer with an anticipated competence of creating a comprehensive DSM through a perpendicular resolution of 2 m, exceeding whatever obtainable currently from space. Consistent with Romeiser et al. , with the usual helical revolution configuration, the dual satellites ensure an along-track gap between 0 at the northern and southern utmost locations of the orbit and approximately 550 m over the equator, restrictive of the district of convenient baselines for intersatellite interferometry above the sea surface to restricted space crews far-off the north and south. In districts of elongated along-track baselines, the data characteristic undergoes since sequential decorrelation of the signal backscattered. Nonetheless, the TanDEM-X geometry constructions acquire adjusted from period to period to enhance the cross-track interferometry performing in coastal water height fluctuations and surface stream flow attentions . On the word of Yoon et al. , t #advanced #remote #sensing #technology #for #synthetic #aperture #radar #applications, #tsunami #disasters, #and #infrastructure ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0266n_FSsc

Spatial Analysis, Modelling and Planning Online Course https://giladjames.com Section: Introductory Chapter: Spatial Analysis, Modelling, and Planning Lesson: Modelling and planning Spatial Analysis, Modelling and Planning. This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com. Introduction It can be difficult to separate spatial analysis from other fields of interest such as geography, location analysis, geographic information science, etc. Yet, its beginnings are to some extent easy to identify. It started with both the “spatial thinking” paradigm and the geography quantitative revolution in the 1950s–1960s . The first promoters of this paradigm shift (Brian Berry, Waldo Tobler, Art Getis, etc.) had a geography background and, as such, conducted their work in a multidisciplinary crossroad approach, allowing crossing ideas and spatial analysis approaches from substantially different disciplines (e.g., statistics and computer science). One of the most marking add-ins to spatial analysis was Peter Haggett’s work, which remains as a reference for spatial analysis researchers and scholars. Spatial analysis stands over the principle that there is some spatial component—absolute, relative, or both—in data. Indeed, in the beginning of the twentieth century, 80% of all data have already some kind of spatial explanation. Spatial analysis comprehends numerous representational models of reality based on the spatial properties of the data features . The importance gathered by spatial analysis within geography, its achievement in getting into the analytical framework of several sciences (e.g., natural, social, and physical), and its prominence as a pillar of geographic information science reflects that geographic space does matter and greatly influences the way natural, social, and physical processes evolve. Spatial patterns and processes have idiosyncratic properties that establish the core of the spatial analysis paradigm. One is spatial dependence, which postulates that the spatially located semantic information gives some insights about the existent information in nearby locations. This is known as spatial autocorrelation (i.e., a kind of statistical dependence relationship) and when it applies to univariate analysis is often understood as some kind of spatial expansion process. Here it is impossible not to mention Tobler’s (1970) First Law of Geography, stipulating that all things are related, but near things are more related than distant things . Another basic principle of spatial analysis is known as spatial heterogeneity. Here univariate/multivariate analysis is possibly not static throughout the geographic space, that is, anisotropy. Thus, one may find local hot and cold spots , because the parameter calibration of these models may vary athwart the study area, mirroring local variations of the global model adjusted for the study area as an all . In a narrow view, one can consider that spatial data is special. Yet, a rigid interpretation has often resulted in the postulate that the geographic space exists objectively and independently of the social and natural processes that operate across the spatial extension and in the conceptual and operational separation of spatial and semantic information in spatial models. Most recently this idea has been considered dogmatic and detached from the authenticity of the geographic space . Geography has a history of a, sometimes crispy, relation between law-seeking (nomothetic) and description-seeking (idiographic) knowledge. Wisely, physical geographers get away from these debates, but the nomothetic-idiographic tension keeps on in human geography. Possibly without surprise, geography has been censured for invalidated theories, results that cannot be reproduced, and a division among practice and science . Goodchild and Li debate that old synthesis process, which is usually hidden from general view and not easily related to the final result, will be more explicit and of serious importance in the new big data era. Much of the geographic knowledge is made of formal theories, models, and equations that need to be processed i #spatial #analysis, #modelling #and #planning ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKxn66dVlY8