Author: Henry Sokolski File Type: pdf Were Iran to acquire nuclear weapons, there is a grave risk it would be tempted to provide them to terrorists. After all, mass casualty terrorism done by proxies has worked well for Iran to date. The fear about what Iran might do with nuclear weapons is fed by the concern that Tehran has no clear reason to be pursuing nuclear weapons. The strategic rationale for Irans nuclear program is by no means obvious. Unlike proliferators such as Israel or Pakistan, Iran faces no historic enemy who would welcome an opportunity to wipe the state off the face of the earth. Iran is encircled by troubled neighbors, but nuclear weapons does nothing to help counter the threats that could come from state collapse in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, or Azerbaijan. Achieving trans-Atlantic consensus on how to respond to Irans nuclear program will be difficult. This is a remarkably bad time for the international community to face the Iran nuclear problem, because the tensions about the Iraq WMD issue still poison relations and weaken U.S. ability to respond. Nevertheless, Irans nuclear program poses a stark challenge to the international nonproliferation regime. There is no doubt that Iran is developing worrisome capabilities. If the world community led by Western countries is unable to prevent Iranian proliferation, then it is unclear that there is much meaning to global nonproliferation norms. Irans nuclear program raises stark shortcomings with the global nonproliferation norms. The basic deal behind the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is that countries are allowed to acquire a wide range of troubling capabilities in return for being open and transparent. The NPT gives Iran every right to have a full closed fuel cycle, with large uranium enrichment facilities and a reprocessing plant that can extract substantial amounts of plutonium-capabilities which would permit Iran at any time to rapidly break out of the NPT, building a considerable number of nuclear weapons in a short time. Had Iran been fully transparent about its nuclear activities, then even if Iran had gone so far as to operate a full closed fuel cycle, the international community would have been split deeply about how to react. It is fortunate indeed that Iran decided to cheat on its NPT obligations by hiding some of what is doing, because that has made much easier the construction of an international consensus that Irans nuclear program is troubling. But the experience with Iran should lead to reflection about whether the basic NPT deal needs to be revisited.
Author: Simo Laakkonen
File Type: pdf
The fate of towns and cities stands at the center of the environmental history of World War II. Broad swaths of cityscapes were destroyed by the bombing of targets such as transport hubs, electrical grids, and industrial districts, and across Europe, Asia, and the Americas, urban environments were transformed by the massive mobilization of human and natural resources to support the conflict. But at the same time, the war saw remarkable resilience among the human and non-human residents of cities. Foregrounding the concept of urban resilience, this collection uncovers the creative survival strategies that city-dwellers of all kinds turned to in the midst of environmental devastation. As the first major study at the intersection of environmental, urban, and military history, The Resilient City in World War II lays the groundwork for an improved understanding of rapid change in urban environments, and how societies may adapt. About the Author Simo Laakkonen is Senior Lecturer of Landscape Studies at the University of Turku, Finland. J. R. McNeill is Professor of History at Georgetown University, USA. Richard P. Tucker is Adjunct Professor of Environmental History at the University of Michigan, USA. Timo Vuorisalo is Senior Lecturer of Environmental Science at the University of Turku, Finland.
Author: Craig J. Peariso
File Type: epub
From burning draft cards to staging nude protests, much left-wing political activism in 1960s America was distinguished by deliberate outrageousness. This theatrical activism, aimed at the mass media and practiced by Abbie Hoffman and the Yippies, the Black Panthers, and the Gay Activists Alliance, among others, is often dismissed as naive and out of touch, or criticized for tactics condemned as silly and off-putting to the general public. In Radical Theatrics, however, Craig Peariso argues that these over-the-top antics were far more than just the spontaneous actions of a self-indulgent radical impulse. Instead, he shows, they were well-considered aesthetic and political responses to a jaded cultural climate in which an unreflective tolerance masked an unwillingness to engage with challenging ideas. Through innovative analysis that links political protest to the art of contemporaries such as Andy Warhol, Peariso reveals how the put-on the signature activist performance of the radical left ended up becoming a valuable American political practice, one that continues to influence contemporary radicals such as Occupy Wall Street. **Review Craig J. Pearisos work challenges traditional narratives regarding some of North Americas most significant political iconoclasts of the 1960s.--Max ShulmanTDR The Drama Review (01012016) Radical Theatrics is a thought-provoking book that should educate and trouble anyone desperate to change the world and confused about what to do when those efforts stall.--Jeremy VaronJournal of American History (01012016) Craig J. Pearisos work challenges traditional narratives regarding some of North Americas most significant political iconoclasts of the 1960s. --Max ShulmanTDR The Drama Review (01012016) Radical Theatrics is a thought-provoking book that should educate and trouble anyone desperate to change the world and confused about what to do when those efforts stall. --Jeremy VaronJournal of American History (01012016) This intriguing book presents a revisionist revaluation of the more problematic radical edges of political performance art in the United States of the mid-to-late 1960s.... Peariso has successfully shown that awkward decade was up for it in many compelling ways.... [Radical Theatrics] launches a sophisticatedly argued call for newly creating politico-aesthetic styles of anti-representational performance. --Baz KershawStudies in Theatre and Performance (01012016) Review Admirably lucid . . . a significant challenge to much scholarship on this crucial decade.T. V. Reed, author of The Art of Protest Culture and Activism from the Civil Rights Movement to the Streets of Seattle An important piece of intellectual history, art history synthesis, or reinterpretation of aspects of 1960s politicized performance. Pearisos argument is fresh and original.Bradford Martin, author of Theater Is in the Street Politics and Performance in Sixties America
Author: Neil M. Maher
File Type: pdf
The summer of 1969 saw astronauts land on the moon for the first time and hippie hordes descend on Woodstock for a legendary music festival. For Neil M. Maher, the conjunction of these two era-defining events is not entirely coincidental. Apollo in the Age of Aquarius shows how the celestial aspirations of NASAs Apollo space program were tethered to terrestrial concerns, from the civil rights struggle and the antiwar movement to environmentalism, feminism, and the counterculture. With its lavishly funded mandate to send a man to the moon, Apollo became a litmus test in the 1960s culture wars. Many people believed it would reinvigorate a country that had lost its way, while for others it represented a colossal waste of resources needed to solve pressing problems at home. Yet Maher also discovers synergies between the space program and political movements of the era. Photographs of Whole Earth as a bright blue marble heightened environmental awareness, while NASAs space technology allowed scientists to track ecological changes globally. The space agencys exclusively male personnel sparked feminist debates about opportunities for women. Activists pressured NASA to apply its technical know-how to ending the Vietnam War and helping African Americans by reducing energy costs in urban housing projects. Particularly during the 1970s, as public interest in NASA waned, the two sides became dependent on one another for political support. Against a backdrop of Saturn V moonshots and Neil Armstrongs giant leap for mankind, Apollo in the Age of Aquarius brings the cultural politics of the space race back down to planet Earth. **
Author: Theodore M. Porter
File Type: pdf
Forty-two essays by authors from five continents and many disciplines provide a synthetic account of the history of the social sciences--including behavioral and economic sciences since the late eighteenth century. The authors emphasize the cultural and intellectual preconditions of social science, and its contested but important role in the history of the modern world. While there are many historical books on particular disciplines, there are very few about the social sciences generally, and none that deal with so much of the world over so long a timespan. ReviewThe volume is a major contribution to communicating a contemporary understanding of science as integral to the life of the modern world. Both general historians and historians of science, not to mention scientists themselves, who think science is something apart may find this weighty volume hard to ignore. readers who already work in one of the many branches of the protean field will find most helpful and interesting ways into related areas. Students and teachers alike will surely find it a major resource. Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences Book DescriptionIn forty-two essays by authors from five continents and many disciplines, this volume provides a synthetic account of the history of the social sciences (including behavioral and economic sciences) since the late eighteenth century. The authors emphasize the cultural and intellectual preconditions of social science, and its contested but important role in the history of the modern world. While there are many historical books on particular disciplines, there are very few about the social sciences generally, and none that deal with so much of the world over so long a time span.
Author: John Laband
File Type: pdf
Between 1838 and 1888 the recently formed Zulu kingdom in southeastern Africa was directly challenged by the incursion of Boer pioneers aggressively seeking new lands on which to set up their independent republics, by English-speaking traders and hunters establishing their neighboring colony, and by imperial Britain intervening in Zulu affairs to safeguard Britains position as the paramount power in southern Africa. As a result, the Zulu fought to resist Boer invasion in 1838 and British invasion in 1879. The internal strains these wars caused to the fabric of Zulu society resulted in civil wars in 1840, 1856, and 1882-1884, and Zululand itself was repeatedly partitioned between the Boers and British. In 1888, the old order in Zululand attempted a final, unsuccessful uprising against recently imposed British rule. This tangled web of invasions, civil wars, and rebellion is complex. The A to Z of the Zulu Wars unravels and elucidates Zulu history during the 50 years between the initial settler threat to the kingdom and its final dismemberment and absorption into the colonial order. A chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, maps, photos, and over 900 cross-referenced dictionary entries that cover the military, politics, society, economics, culture, and key players during the Zulu Wars make this an important reference for everyone from high school students to academics.
Author: Stephen Cushman
File Type: pdf
Through three editions over more than four decades, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics has built an unrivaled reputation as the most comprehensive and authoritative reference for students, scholars, and poets on all aspects of its subject history, movements, genres, prosody, rhetorical devices, critical terms, and more. Now this landmark work has been thoroughly revised and updated for the twenty-first century. Compiled by an entirely new team of editors, the fourth edition--the first new edition in almost twenty years--reflects recent changes in literary and cultural studies, providing up-to-date coverage and giving greater attention to the international aspects of poetry, all while preserving the best of the previous volumes At well over a million words and more than 1,000 entries, the Encyclopedia has unparalleled breadth and depth. Entries range in length from brief paragraphs to major essays of 15,000 words, offering a more thorough treatment--including expert synthesis and indispensable bibliographies--than conventional handbooks or dictionaries. This is a book that no reader or writer of poetry will want to be without. Thoroughly revised and updated by a new editorial team for twenty-first-century students, scholars, and poets More than 250 new entries cover recent terms, movements, and related topics Broader international coverage includes articles on the poetries of more than 110 nations, regions, and languages Expanded coverage of poetries of the non-Western and developing worlds Updated bibliographies and cross-references New, easier-to-use page design Fully indexed for the first time
Author: Peter Adamson
File Type: pdf
This volume brings together world-leading scholars on the thought of Averroes, the greatest medieval commentator on Aristotle but also a major scholar of Islam. The collection situates him in his historical context by emphasizing the way that he responded to the political situation of twelfth-century Islamic Spain and the provocations of Islamic theology. It also sheds light on the interconnections between aspects of his work that are usually studied separately, such as his treatises on logic and his legal writings. Advanced students and scholars will find authoritative and insightful treatments of Averroes philosophy, tackled from multiple perspectives and written in a clear and accessible way that will appeal to those encountering his work for the first time as well as to anyone looking for new critical approaches to Averroes and his thinking. ** About the Author Peter Adamson is Professor of Late Ancient and Arabic Philosophy at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He has published numerous volumes including The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy (Cambridge, 2004) and Interpreting Avicenna Critical Essays (Cambridge, 2013).
Author: Trevor Royle
File Type: epub
A vigorous and authoritative history of last major battle fought between Scottish and English forces, ending all hope of the Stuarts reclaiming the throne and forming the bedrock for the creation of the British Empire.The Battle of Culloden in 1746 has gone down in history as the last major battle fought on British soil a vicious confrontation between the English Royal Army and the Scottish forces supporting the Stuart claim to the throne. But this wasnt just a conflict between the Scots and the English the battle was also part of a much larger campaign to protect the British Isles from the growing threat of a French invasion. In Trevor Royles vivid and evocative narrative, we are drawn into the ranks, on both sides, alongside doomed Jacobites fighting fellow Scots dressed in the red coats of the Duke of Cumberlands Royal Army. And we meet the Duke himself, a skilled warrior who would gain notoriety because of the reprisals on Highland clans in the battles aftermath. Royle also takes us beyond the battle as the men of the Royal Army, galvanized by its success at Culloden, expand dramatically and start to fight campaigns overseas in America and India in order to secure British interests. We see the revolutionary use of fighting techniques first implemented at Culloden, and we see the creation of professional fighting forces. Culloden changed the course of British history by ending all hope of the Stuarts reclaiming the throne, cementing Hanoverian rule and forming the bedrock for the creation of the British Empire. Royles lively and provocative history looks afresh at the period and unveils its true significance, not only as the end of a struggle for the throne but the beginning of a new global power. 18 pages of color and B&W illustrations **
Author: Eric B. Keverne
File Type: pdf
Recent developments in behavioural neuroscience and genomics are providing exciting new tools for understanding mammalian evolution. Drawing on a range of disciplines including genomic reprogramming, immunology, genomic imprinting, placentation and brain development, this book examines the leading role played by the mothers genome and epigenome in the successful evolutionary progression of humans from ancestral mammals. Keverne begins by discussing the historic context of the perceived dominance of males and the patriline, before arguing that it is instead the matriline that exerts the dominant influence in shaping the evolution of our brain development and behaviour, especially the co-adaptive development of brain and placenta. Presenting a balanced outlook on the development of sex differences and an alternative to traditional views, Beyond Sex Differences will be of interest to anyone studying and researching mother and infant development. **Book Description Incorporating multiple approaches to our understanding of mammalian evolutionary success, this book will be valuable reading for all those interested in mother and infant development. It explains the developmental evolution of mother and infant as represented by two distinct genomes that have co-adapted as one to enable successful pregnancy. About the Author Eric B. Keverne is Emeritus Professor of Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, with a lifetime fellowship at Kings College, Cambridge. A neuroscientist with a career spanning over forty years, his research has more recently brought molecular genetic techniques to focus on brain development, focusing in particular on mammalian brain evolution and behaviour and the importance of genomic imprinting in this context.