Finally, you can easily access Bitcoin in a low-cost ETF with the VanEck Bitcoin Trust (HODL). Visit https://vaneck.com/HODLFG to learn more. VanEck Bitcoin Trust (HODL) Prospectus: https://vaneck.com/hodlprospectus/ __ Dr. Ingo Sauer of Goethe University Frankfurt joins Forward Guidance to share findings from his 360 paper on Hyperinflation in 1923 and its connection to central bank insolvency. Sauer argues that severe impairment of central bank assets, and not the printing of vast amounts of central bank liabilities (money), was the primary cause of extreme inflation witnessed 101 years ago in Germany, Austria, Hungary and Poland. Sauer inverts the causal line of exchange rate depreciation, money supply increase, and inflation, and he also shares his concern about the current state of the balance sheet of the European Central Bank (ECB). Filmed on March 5, 2024. __ Ingo Sauer’s YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@wissenhatkeineneigentumeri9889 Ingo Sauer’s 360 page paper, “The Lessons from 1923 for the Euro Area: Enlightening the Dark Side of (In-) Solvent Central Banks’ Balance Sheets”: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4620462 Follow VanEck on Twitter https://twitter.com/vaneck_us Follow Jack Farley on Twitter https://twitter.com/JackFarley96 Follow Forward Guidance on Twitter https://twitter.com/ForwardGuidance Follow Blockworks on Twitter https://twitter.com/Blockworks_ __ Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction 00:17 Overview Of Dr. Sauer's Theory On The Ultimate Cause of Hyperinflation: Central Bank Insolvency 06:25 Dr. Sauer's Concerns About The Euro 10:42 Setting The Stage For German Hyperinflation in 1923 13:53 The German Mark During World War I 21:00 The Assets Of The Reichsbank Increasingly Became Dominated By German Government Obligations (Not Commercial Bills / Collateral Advances / Gold) 29:23 Central Bank Insolvency (Not Money Supply Increase) Caused Hyperinflation in 1923 34:13 VanEck Ad 36:08 Failed Attempts To Stabilize German Mark And Inflation, 1919-1922 41:04 Reichsbank's Holdings Of German Treasury Bills Highly Correlated To (In)Solvency Factor 44:21 Explaining Sauer's "Solvency Factor" 46:49 The Mark's Short-Lived Rally In 1920 56:29 The Mechanics Of Central Bank Insolvency 59:01 Reichsmark Insolvency Led To Depreciation Of The Mark, Which Led To Hyperinflation 01:01:55 Money Supply Did Not Cause Hyperinflation, Argues Sauer 01:14:29 The Explosion In Reichsbank's Money Supply Was Mostly Paper Cash, Not Bank Reserves 01:22:23 Reparations' Impact On German Solvency 01:26:42 The Rentenmark And The Halting Of German HyperInflation 01:30:07 Central Bank Profits and Yield Curve Dynamics 01:34:18 European Debt Crisis (2009-2015) 01:36:05 Fed As Dealer Of Last Resort, European Central Bank (ECB) As Market Maker Of Last Resort 01:37:27 ECB Is Less A Central Bank And More Of A "Headquarters" For Domestic Euro 01:Central Banks (such as Bank of France, for example) 01:39:43 Origin Of Fed, And Clearinghouse Loan Certificates As National Currency Before The Fed 01:43:38 Why Has ECB Balance Sheet Expansion Post 2008 Coincided With Disinflation (Or Deflation), And Not Hyperinflation? 01:47:04 Sauer's Fears About The ECB And The Euro 02:00:07 The Mechanics Of Monetary Financing 02:17:52 Interest Rate Risk Is Not A Systemic Concern __ Disclaimer: Nothing discussed on Forward Guidance should be considered as investment advice. Please always do your own research & speak to a financial advisor before thinking about, thinking about putting your money into these crazy markets. ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Nfcws0wpFY