Published By
Created On
2 May 2023 07:19:34 UTC
Transaction ID
Cost
Safe for Work
Free
Yes
From Hunter-Gatherers to First Settlements In Europe
With the arrival of anatomically modern humans, Cro-Magnons, began the late, Upper Paleolithic, which lasted from 40000 to 11,500 years ago. Like the previous and future historical and archaeological periods, these ranges can vary across the continent and the world, due to varying cultural and technological progress.
With the end of the Ice age of Pleistocene, around 11500 years ago, came the post-glacial period of Holocene - the same geological period in which we live today. At approximately the same time, historians mark the end of the Paleolithic and the beginning of a new period: Mesolithic. In general it could be said that people continued to live as they did in the preceding Paleolithic, while the environment around them changed. The climate warmed, sea level had risen, lakes and marshes began to form, and forests like the mixed oak forest began to spread. Like ice caps that covered large chunks of earth's surface, large animals like mammoths, hairy rhinos and cave bears also disappeared. This was the era of the last hunter-gatherers in the heart of Europe.
Mesolithic came to an end with the establishment of first permanent settlements, agriculture and animal-husbandry, which gradually spread from the Near East. Just as these elements didn’t appear all at once, Mesolithic didn’t end everywhere at the same time. Mesolithic stonework methods, like trapezoid microliths, continued into the Neolithic. But while the Mesolithic hunters used closest sites of flint, even if it was inferior in quality, Neolithic trade enabled imports of higher-quality chert and other materials from far beyond.
What we call now “The Neolithic Revolution”, was a drastic change of the prehistoric lifestyle. People gradually abandoned their hunter-gatherer way of life, and started building permanent settlements. Instead of traveling to different areas in search for food, they started cultivating it right at their doorsteps. This was the origin of agriculture and animal-husbandry in the heart of Europe. People went from passively benefiting from nature to actively transforming it.
These, among many other changes, mark the transition into the Neolithic age - The Late Stone Age. They came gradually, from the 7th to 4th millennium BC, from the Near East and pushed deep into Europe. At first it concentrated in the areas with mild winters, like the Mediterranean, through which the new lifestyle spread relatively quickly. The other route of expansion was centered around the fertile plains with loess soil, like the Balkans, and from there it continued to spread inland along major rivers (Danube, Rhone, Rhine). Waterways were the most important, if not the sole lines of communication with the wider world.
Neolithic ended with the arrival of metal ages, with the Copper age being the first one among them. Just like with the Neolithic, this transition wasn’t sudden.
Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing
I hope you learn something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ?
Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU
Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19
#history #archeology #stoneage #prehistoric #neolithic #paleolithic
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Bf2H83lkEY
With the end of the Ice age of Pleistocene, around 11500 years ago, came the post-glacial period of Holocene - the same geological period in which we live today. At approximately the same time, historians mark the end of the Paleolithic and the beginning of a new period: Mesolithic. In general it could be said that people continued to live as they did in the preceding Paleolithic, while the environment around them changed. The climate warmed, sea level had risen, lakes and marshes began to form, and forests like the mixed oak forest began to spread. Like ice caps that covered large chunks of earth's surface, large animals like mammoths, hairy rhinos and cave bears also disappeared. This was the era of the last hunter-gatherers in the heart of Europe.
Mesolithic came to an end with the establishment of first permanent settlements, agriculture and animal-husbandry, which gradually spread from the Near East. Just as these elements didn’t appear all at once, Mesolithic didn’t end everywhere at the same time. Mesolithic stonework methods, like trapezoid microliths, continued into the Neolithic. But while the Mesolithic hunters used closest sites of flint, even if it was inferior in quality, Neolithic trade enabled imports of higher-quality chert and other materials from far beyond.
What we call now “The Neolithic Revolution”, was a drastic change of the prehistoric lifestyle. People gradually abandoned their hunter-gatherer way of life, and started building permanent settlements. Instead of traveling to different areas in search for food, they started cultivating it right at their doorsteps. This was the origin of agriculture and animal-husbandry in the heart of Europe. People went from passively benefiting from nature to actively transforming it.
These, among many other changes, mark the transition into the Neolithic age - The Late Stone Age. They came gradually, from the 7th to 4th millennium BC, from the Near East and pushed deep into Europe. At first it concentrated in the areas with mild winters, like the Mediterranean, through which the new lifestyle spread relatively quickly. The other route of expansion was centered around the fertile plains with loess soil, like the Balkans, and from there it continued to spread inland along major rivers (Danube, Rhone, Rhine). Waterways were the most important, if not the sole lines of communication with the wider world.
Neolithic ended with the arrival of metal ages, with the Copper age being the first one among them. Just like with the Neolithic, this transition wasn’t sudden.
Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing
I hope you learn something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ?
Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU
Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19
#history #archeology #stoneage #prehistoric #neolithic #paleolithic
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Bf2H83lkEY
Author
Content Type
Unspecified
video/mp4
Language
English
More from the publisher
Controlling
VIDEO
WHERE
where-do-celts-come-from-theories-of
The origin of celts is today still a highly debated topic that is slowly getting reevaluated with further research of archeology, genetics and languages. There are three main theories.
The first one is the most established one. The Celts developed in the Hallstatt zone, stretching north of the Alps, from western France to Czech republic. This follows the spread of La Tene (named after an archaeological site in Switzerland) culture, and is based on rich chariot burials of warlords. The Centers of such activity have been noted in Bohemia, and around rivers Moselle, Marne and Loire.
The newer theory, Celtic from the west, suggests that the Celts originated in the western side of Europe, near the Atlantic coast. This is more based on following the history and the spread of Celtic and proto-Celtic languages already in the Bronze Age. Some archeological finds could also support this theory, like Gündlingen sword, which were typical of the Hallstatt culture, but were also found in Britain, where they have been found in the 8th century BC, and were still made of Bronze.
A compromise “Celtic from the Center” theory suggests a middle ground, that the origins of Celts lie in the area of present-day France. This is supported by recent genetic research that revealed large migrations into England at the passage between 2nd and 1st millennium BC.
The origin of the Celts is still a controversial topic today, despite much research. Each of these theories raises at least as many questions as it answers.
Report about migrations into Britain:
Patterson, N., Isakov, M., Booth, T. et al. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Nature 601, 588–594 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4
Other sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing
Disclaimer: This a highly controversial topic about which many historians have a very strong opinions. The simple truth however, is that we simply don't know. But with evolving archaeological, linguistical and genetic findings, we are slowly uncovering it.
I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ?
Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU
Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19
#history #europe #celts #ancienthistory #shorts
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nr_Via364Ao
Transaction
Created
1 month ago
Content Type
Language
video/mp4
English
Controlling
VIDEO
TUMUL
tumulus-and-elite-warriors-early-and
During the early and middle bronze age in Central Europe, stretching approximately between 2300 and 1300 BC, new hierarchical system was now more and more common across the continent, evident in the burial findings of the elite, offerings and an exchange network that brought a vast array of commodities across long distances. Goods could travel as far as between Cyprus and northern Baltic Sea.
The Bronze age in Europe is characterized by technological breakthrough in metallurgy, obtaining and processing non-ferrous metals. Unlike copper, however, tin was very difficult to find in Europe, accelerating trade networks that already began sprouting in the copper age and increasing long-range mobility. Between the new weapons, tactics, found artifacts and traces of horse, we can easily assume that cavalry now also took part in military formations.
A class of elites distinguished themselves in communities across Europe, distinguished with rich burials. These resting places would become a prominent mark of the Tumulus (barrows) culture in the middle bronze age central Europe. The early bronze age is also the time of Minoan culture on Crete, the first "civilization" of Europe.
Known tin mines are found In British isles (Cornwall), Central (Erzgebirge, Bohemia), southern Europe (Sardinia, Etruria, western Balkans, Portugal) and elsewhere.
Bronze semi-finished products were used as a currency, as may be the case with the flanged axes, which were often buried in hoards. This was common especially in the Apennine peninsula and the alps during the early bronze age, between 2300 and 1600 BC.
Similarly, hoards with bronze torques were also found in the central Danube basin. Later, in the middle and late bronze age, traces of a complex stratified society can be ascertained from the massive hillforts of that period.
Women in the middle Bronze age were buried with a pair of dress-pins that were typical of the attire of the Tumulus culture in Central Europe. The men meanwhile, wore a a single pin.
In the early Bronze age, there were different cemeteries in different parts of Europe. For example, the Carpathian basin holds flat burial cemeteries where bodies were buried in the fetal position. In Friuli, bodies were buried under tumuli, and in Istria within stone cists. Tumulus, or burial mound, would become a more widespread practice in the middle Bronze age. Tumuli also acted as memorials of ancestors and a territorial marker.
Besides Tumuli, internment or deposition of bodies in caves continued. However The Tumulus culture continued to dominate the area of central Europe.
Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing
Learn more history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU
If you learned something interesting, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ?
Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19
#history #europe #archeology #shorts
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IhHC7rW7dM
Transaction
Created
1 month ago
Content Type
Language
video/mp4
English
Controlling
VIDEO
BRONZ
bronze-age-swords-in-the-heart-of-europe
Watch the fool video here: ? https://youtu.be/9pTZfAK3u7c
The swords of Europe were already manufactured in the early European bronze age, around 2000 BC. Their appearance was mostly independent from their counterparts in Mesopotamia and the Aegean.
Weapons from Early and Middle Bronze Ages are relatively rare finds. Most are uniquely made daggers and swords with elaborate decorations of incised lines and geometric patterns, probably made for the leading men of contemporary societies. These prestigious weapons were rarely found in European graves, but more often in watery sites, indicating they were some kind of votive offerings.
The early bronze blades of Europe maintained the shorter length and widened base to fit the handguard and fastened with rivets. Swords of that time were mostly unique, and often contained false rivets that didn't actually connect the blade and the hilt. This indicates that such swords were less effective as weapons, especially in slicing motion, but could still be effective at thrusting and especially as symbols of status and prestige. The technique of a tang and a pommel being cast in a single piece with a blade, eliminating weaker joints, also allowed for the swords to be made more rapidly, enabling more serial manufacture. Blade and hilt shapes varied between areas, from broad-leafed to straight shapes.
The rarer, solid-hilted swords probably maintained their prestigious significance even into the Late Bronze Age, when they were outnumbered by the newer flange-hilted swords.
Flange-hilted swords were the most common type in the middle and late bronze age. They enabled quicker and more serial production - a large contrast to the previous uniquely-designed swords of the early Bronze Age. An organic, most probably wooden grip would be attached with rivets to the flanged hilt and handguard plate.
Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing
I hope you learn something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ?
Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU
Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19
#history #europe #archeology #bronzeage #shorts
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xd_ZqicGWF4
Transaction
Created
1 month ago
Content Type
Language
video/mp4
English
Controlling
VIDEO
HOW H
how-humanity-started-history-of-lower
The start of humanity, of history, of stone age, begins with the Paleolithic. This was the longest period in our history, and saw slow but steady development of human biology, as well as tools and artistic forms. This was the time of the last Ice age of Pleistocene, which contained multiple colder, glacial periods which were separated by warmer, interglacial periods.
It is a common idea that people of stone age lived only in caves, giving the the term cavemen. This, however, is not true. People sought shelter not only in caves, but also in simple-make-shift huts of bone, tusks, wood and hides. While stone was indeed one of the main materials used in the Stone age, wood and other organic materials were also used, but any surviving find is exceptional and hard to discover. Along with antlers, all before-mentioned materials also accounted for their arsenal of tools and weapons.
From the Lower Paleolithic onwards, humans also utilized fire, with which they repulsed predators, prepared food, and used for light and warmth. Fire was the centerpiece of early human societies, enabling survival, but also storytelling and other cultural and social aspects.
Even the earliest peoples seem to have had a sense of symmetry and aesthetics. Along those came the sense of spirituality, religion and art. The discovered symbolic products and art pieces of Lower and Middle Paleolithic are far more basic and fewer in number than those of later anatomically modern humans, but they do exist.
In the early, Lower Paleolithic, Europe was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis, also called archaic Homo sapiens. It is from this Europe-dwelling branch that the Neanderthals developed from. Meanwhile, the anatomically modern humans (homo sapiens sapiens) developed from the population of Homo heidelbergensis that remained in Africa. This theory has recently been disputed though, suggesting that the last common ancestor of Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans was much older.
Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing
I hope you learn something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ?
Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU
Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19
#history #paleolithic #archeology #stoneage #prehistoric
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e44rizwdPGM
Transaction
Created
1 month ago
Content Type
Language
video/mp4
English
Controlling
VIDEO
RELIG
religion-of-ancient-celts-gods-of-iron
Celts were highly superstitious. Details about their worship and religion are, however, mostly lost to us. Those that are not, are passed on by Roman authors who, despite providing valuable insight, were plagued by bias, limited and indirect information, as well as Romanizing Celtic deities.
The records of these Celtic gods are many, with more than 200 names of deities being found across Europe. That is a very large number that would lead to a complicated pantheon, if used generally across the Celtic world. But if one accepts that one deity could be known by different names across different tribes and regions, we can narrow their pantheon down to a far more manageable size. For many of these gods, parallels could be found with Roman and Greek deities. But even among Celtic tribes, similar characteristics don’t necessarily mean the same divinity.
In general, Celtic religion revolved around magical entities pervading nature and objects alike, while influencing every individual and determining their destinies.
Celtic holy grounds and places of worship were located either within a settlement or at select natural landmarks. Some remained active all the way from the Early Iron Age until the end of the Roman period.
In most societies, communication between mortal and divine planes is interpreted and mediated by spiritual guides and specialists. In the Celtic world these were the Druids. They belonged to the social elite, led rituals and acted as judges in disputes and criminal cases. Druids didn’t carry weapons and didn't always take part in battle. When they did, they sang incantations that inspired their warriors and demoralized opponents.
Archeological remains and Roman reflections of the complex religious system of the Celts therefore provide a fertile ground for misinterpretation. It is also worth noting that Celtic religious system differed between different tribes and ethnicities of La Tene Culture that spread across Europe.
Just like with their weapons, the Celtic Gods and rituals lost their power with the declining Celtic population. Only on the farthest fringes of western Europe, did their languages and beliefs persist to this day.
Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing
I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... You know how YouTube works. ?
Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU
Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19
#history #europe #celts #ancienthistory #ironage
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYAqR4BVND0
Transaction
Created
1 month ago
Content Type
Language
video/mp4
English
Controlling
VIDEO
OCTAV
octavian's-illyrian-war-history-of
In the aftermath of Julius Caesar's death, the rivalry between his successors Octavian and Mark Antony continued to escalate. To enlarge the Roman state and his popularity among the senate and the people of Rome, Octavian initiated a military campaign into Illyria, where he would subjugate many Celtic and Illyrian tribes.
The campaign ran in two phases. First, he attacked the hostile Celtic tribes in the south-eastern Alps and then focused on the Illyrian tribe of Iapodes, conquering their strongholds of Metulum and Siscia.
The second phase focused on the tribe of Delmatae. After heavy some heavy fighting, Octavian conquered the city of Promona.
The fighting was heavy and Octavian was wounded twice during the conflict. Octavian was merciful to the peoples who surrendered, not all were willing to bow to the Roman overlord, and rather chose death instead.
This war also displayed Octavian's cruel side, as he punished one of his units that retreated in fear after an ambush, by killing every tenth soldier (decimation).
By dealing with Illyricum, Octavian fulfilled and set the stage for further completion of Caesar’s unaccomplished military goals. It also set the stage for the conclusion of the rivalry with Mark Antony, which would lead to their eventual deaths and that of Cleopatra.
I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... You know how YouTube works. ?
Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing
Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU
Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 21
#history #ancienthistory #ancientrome #historyofeurope #romanempire
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVAX2hWhPjM
Transaction
Created
1 month ago
Content Type
Language
video/mp4
English
Controlling
VIDEO
BETWE
between-hallstatt-and-la-tene-from-early
In the Eastern Hallstatt zone, different chiefdoms already had contacts with Celtic societies since 6th century BC. It is not exactly known how the transition from Hallstatt to La Tene communities transpired. It probably depended on region and the customs of migrating Celtic tribes, but it could range from diplomacy, peaceful assimilation to armed conflict. Many Hallstatt centers show signs of crisis and abandonment during the time of transition. Whether Celts were the sole reason for it, remains unknown.
The transition between eras are some of the most interesting events across history and are plagued with many unanswered questions. The same is true at the passage between Early and Late Iron age. How did the old Hallstatt communities become “Celtic”?
Did the old, native societies completely collapse, were they militarily subjugated, or were diplomacy and assimilation the main components? To what degree did the ethnicity of communities change?
Unlike the preceding Hallstatt chiefdoms that built their centers of power on hills, the Celts preferred to settle on flat plains and valleys - a ground more suitable for farming. But while some Hallstatt hillforts were abandoned, life in many of them continued. Celts often didn’t migrate in numbers needed to completely overthrow all previous inhabitants of a region. Instead, smaller groups and individuals like mercenaries, traveling artisans, merchants and brides married off to other communities, all did their part in the spread of La Tene culture, sometimes even without settling a region on a large scale.
Their buildings and furnishing remained similar, while incorporating some new Celtic technological and cultural novelties, like potter wheel. The Celts also improved metallurgy, iron production and agriculture.
Some of the bigger changes were the burial methods of flat cemeteries with cremation graves, religious worship, and jewelry. Celts also produced coins inspired by Mediterranean civilizations, which replaced ancient treasure hoards of semi-finished objects.
Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing
I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ?
Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU
Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19
#history #europe #celts #ancienthistory #shorts
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2EJiuIguDE
Transaction
Created
1 month ago
Content Type
Language
video/mp4
English
Controlling
VIDEO
LATE
late-paleolithic-tool-production-blades,
Tool production has seen many changes since the first hand-axes.
During the middle paleolithic, the neanderthals most commonly used the Levallois technique to craft stone tools. The final shape of the flake had to already be visualised and planned while preparing the core, flaking it until reaching the desired shape. This technique was not very economical, as only one or two flakes could be made from one core.
After obtaining the flake, the core itself could then also be further retouched and repurposed, making them a rarer archeological find than the flakes they produced.
The anatomically modern humans, in contrast, created multiple long, thin blades from a single core, leaving less wasted material. They used indirect percussion with a soft hammer and either antler or bone punch.
Bones were also used sporadically by Neanderthals, while it became more common in the upper paleolithic, by modern humans. When a bone point was damaged, they tried to repair it by reshaping or resharpening it.
Wood was also used, as spears and javelins have been the preferred tool for hunting, but slowly gave way to a bow and arrow by the end of the ice age.
Edited with Vegas Pro 19
#history #stoneage #paleolithic #shorts
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNAZaq0_Cpk
Transaction
Created
1 month ago
Content Type
Language
video/mp4
English
Controlling
VIDEO
SLOVE
slovenia-in-the-early-iron-age
Compared to previous eras, the land of present-day Slovenia during the Early Iron age was marked by regional differences within this small territory. Archeologists split these communities between 5 main cultural groups.
This is also the time of earliest written records here. The western groups show more cultural and linguistic similarities to the Venetic people, while the eastern show affinity to Pannonian languages. Similar division has been noticed in different burial methods between groups.
Large hillforts dominated the landscape, with Sticna being the largest with 20 hectares, possessing mighty ramparts, rich industry and trade. The rulers, Hallstatt princes, were influential warlords that controlled all areas of society from these strongpoints.
The area with its strategic location enabled trade contact with Mediterranean civilizations in the south, Scythians to the east and Baltic sea to the north, with its supply of amber.
With the large quantities of iron ore metallurgy flourished.
Craftsmen produced large quantities of precious artforms, with the most prestigious being Situla art and the large bronze vessels.
Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing
I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ?
Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU
Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19
#slovenia #history #ironage #archaeology #shorts #ifeelslovenia
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBiEALjMj_Y
Transaction
Created
1 month ago
Content Type
Language
video/mp4
English