Despite many changes throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, trade routes already present in the Bronze Age have been expanded and intensified in the coming Iron Age. People traveled Individually on foot, with carts or in caravans along the tracks and, in some places, proper roads. Waterways and sea continued to be popular methods of transporting large quantities of goods. Very little survives of actual ships, but depictions on pottery, metalwork and mentions in ancient texts give us some insight into the inner workings of naval techniques and ships themselves. Caravan routes and waterways carried goods between north and south stretched from the Baltic sea and Scandinavia, to the Mediterranean civilizations and the coast of Africa. From the eastern steppes, Scythian artifacts and influence spread into the heart of Europe, and the Phoenicians from their homeland in Levant built settlements and established contacts into the Atlantic zone. Greeks also maintained a large network of trade routes in the Mediterranean and beyond. Additionally, Incense route connected ports of the Mediterranean with far away places like kingdom of Saba (later Arabia Felix), India and beyond. This brought into Europe luxury goods like incense, spices, frankincense, myrrh precious stones and fibers. For all communities of the time, it was important to control the origin and transport of resources like amber, glass wood, wax, livestock, hides and slaves. The “prestige goods economy” enabled sovereigns of the continental Europe to legitimize their rule and build their own culture. Trading was probably conducted from community to community through ritual forms of partnership like gift exchange, diplomacy and marriage alliances for safe crossing and strengthening bonds. Besides goods, trade also spread new technology and ideas. The local craftsmen followed the imported trend and then adapted them according to their own needs and preferences. Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ? Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19 #history #europe #ironage #archeology #ancienthistory #shorts ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYtb-8IOQ88

While the Roman armies under emperor Augustus and Tiberius were fighting in the north against the Germanic tribes, more troubles began brewing in the east, within the borders of the empire. The Romans had been ruthless in their tax collecting, to the point where it closely resembled plundering of the local populations. Additionally, the people didn’t take lightly the forced recruitment of their young men into the Roman war against the Germanic tribes up north. This conflict, commonly known as the Great Illyrian Revolt would become the biggest threat to the Roman state since Hannibal and the second Punic war. The revolt began in the central Illyricum, among the tribe of Daesitiates, led by their chieftain Bato. Bato was later joined by the Pannonian tribe of Breuci, under their commanders Pinnes and another Bato, along with many other tribes. Because of these war chieftains, the revolt is also known as Bellum Batonianum (War of the Batos). Timestamps: 0:00 - Context and causes for the uprising 2:02 - Progress of the Great Illyrian revolt 4:39 - The second year of the war 6:02 - Breuci surrender 6:47 - Final phase of the war, last stand of the rebellion 8:58 - End and outcome of the war Octavian's Illyrian war: https://youtu.be/YVAX2hWhPjM I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... You know how YouTube works. ? Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 21 #history #ancienthistory #romanempire #ancientrome #historyofeurope ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJm6D8oCu54

During the Bronze age, a special culture group developed around Istria, in the northern Adriatic. This Kastelir (Castellieri) culture was named after the characteristic hillforts, built by dry stone walling technique. Located at the crossroads of Alps, Pannonia, The Balkans and Po valley, all of which brought prosperous trading and cultural contacts. The largest communities contained up to around 1000 inhabitants, a number which increased during the Iron age, until the eventual conquest of Rome in the 2nd century BC. Trade enable the culture to prosper, despite subpar farming conditions. Between the location within Europe and the hilly terrain, this was a great strategic position. Besides the defensive purposes, hillforts showcased the strength and unity of the inhabitants. They wanted to create a big impression on the locals, foreigners, allies and enemies, as well as ancestors and deities. A single large community could span an area with multiple kastelirs and surrounding settlements, economic surfaces and spiritual objects. Especially early on, the inhabitants of these tightly knit communities would sometimes accept decisions together, while other times they would submit to the decision of an authority figure and the elite class. The hierarchical structure would be more and more developed going into the Iron age. Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing Learn more history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU If you learned something interesting and want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ? Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19 #history #europe #archeology #shorts ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CajHdD3NjG4

Despite the elite class already forming in the Late Bronze Age Europe, the society of that time can still be considered largely egalitarian, wearing similar attire and buried with little grave goods. Meanwhile, in the Early Iron Age, we can see even more hierarchical structure of communities with varying social positions, as seen in the quantity and quality of items found in graves of varying sizes and shapes. The top class was occupied by noble heads - Hallstatt princes. These were village elders, fighters and military commanders. They held political power and controlled production and trade. Power passed on not necessarily within one dynasty, but depended on the combat prowess and prestige of the successor. Among women, the highest position was held by priestesses, who led religious rituals, and the family of the prince. Otherwise, women took care of their family and household, weaving and made pottery. Their position was displayed by different jewelry of glass and bronze, both local and imported. Most, if not all men were able to wield weapons, but proper warriors had a higher standing and always tried to maintain or improve their social position through combat and competition. The last ranks were craftsmen and farmers, who were most numerous and were buried in modest graves. Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ? Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19 #history #europe #ironage #archeology #ancienthistory #shorts ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1T6gNQh39E