Getting sulfur (sulfate?) because I'm going to make sulfuric acid later. Support the project on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/avianyuen I need sulfuric acid as soon as possible, so this will be the first step towards making aspirin. But when you pull materials out of natural resources, it's going to be: a) dirty, and b) hard to tell if you have the right stuff. In this video, I show you the techniques I use both to find and verify that I have sulfur or a sulfate salt, and calculate yield without using precision equipment. Contents: 0:00 Review of last time 0:25 What we use sulfuric acid for today 3:14 History of making sulfuric acid 6:55 Finding sulfur or sulfate salts in nature 12:01 How to test for sulfur/ate 16:22 Test materials and safety 18:11 Conducting the tests 25:14 Reaction of xylene and calcium sulfate 28:05 How to determine relative yield without a scale 29:20 Theory for my pile method of relative yield 31:20 Yield calculations and sources of error 33:50 Waste disposal and cleaning up 35:21 GitHub, Patreon, and Odysee help support this project (conclusion) 37:26 References GitHub project for OpenAspirin: https://github.com/avianyuen/openaspirin My homepage: https://www.avianyuen.science/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdR3GH2xrDPyPme3fRxU_-g TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@avianyuen Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/avianyuen/ References: [1] "...sulfur is the fifteenth most common element...metals like iron." Nehb, W. and Vydra, K. (2006). Sulfur. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a25_507.pub2 "... do with it." CC-SA Wikimedia Commons [2] "...production of sulfuric acid." "High pressures accompany... five bar." Müller, H. (2000). Sulfuric Acid and Sulfur Trioxide. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a25_635 [3] "vanadium is... rather rare" Bauer, G., Güther, V., Hess, H., Otto, A., Roidl, O., Roller, H., Sattelberger, S., Köther-Becker, S. and Beyer, T. (2017). Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a27_367.pub2 [4] "sulfur-reducing microorganisms" Slobodkin, A.I., Slobodkina, G.B. Diversity of Sulfur-Disproportionating Microorganisms. Microbiology 88, 509–522 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261719050138 [5] "French researcher Boulegue" Jacques Boulegue (1978) Solubility of Elemental Sulfur in Water at 298 K, Phosphorus and Sulfur and the Related Elements, 5:1, 127-128, DOI: 10.1080/03086647808069875 [6] "Dutch researchers Wermink, Spinu, and Versteeg." Wermink, Wouter Nicolaas, Spinu, Dmitri and Versteeg, Geert Frederik. "Sulfur Solubilities in Toluene, o-Xylene, m-Xylene and p-Xylene at Temperatures Ranging from 303.15 K to 363.15 K" The Journal of Natural Gas Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, 2018, pp. 71-95. https://doi.org/10.7569/jnge.2018.692504 [7] "American researchers Carlberg and Matthews." Carlberg, B.L. "Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in Brine." Paper presented at the SPE Oilfield Chemistry Symposium, Denver, Colorado, May 1973. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/4353-MS [8] "gypsum... sat in a spring" Wirsching, F. (2000). Calcium Sulfate. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a04_555 [9] "...star-shaped granules" Zhao, Y., Liu, K., Zheng, M. et al. Packings of 3D stars: stability and structure. Granular Matter 18, 24 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-016-0606-4 [10] "review by Beakawi Al-Hashemi and Baghabra Al-Amoudi" Hamzah M. Beakawi Al-Hashemi, Omar S. Baghabra Al-Amoudi, A review on the angle of repose of granular materials, Powder Technology, Volume 330, 2018, Pages 397-417, ISSN 0032-5910, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.02.003. [11] "eaten by sulfur-reducing micro-organisms, completing a cycle." Effect of Relative Humidity on Gas/Particle Partitioning and Aerosol Mass Yield in the Photooxidation of p-Xylene, Robert M. Healy, Brice Temime, Kristina Kuprovskyte, and John C. Wenger, Environmental Science & Technology 2009 43 (6), 1884-1889, DOI: 10.1021/es802404z [12] "eaten by sulfur-reducing micro-organisms, completing a cycle." S. Sangthong, P. Suksabye, P. Thiravetyan, Air-borne xylene degradation by Bougainvillea buttiana and the role of epiphytic bacteria in the degradation, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 126, 2016, Pages 273-280, ISSN 0147-6513, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.017. [13] "eaten by sulfur-reducing micro-organisms, completing a cycle." Edwards EA, Wills LE, Reinhard M, Grbić-Galić D. Anaerobic degradation of toluene and xylene by aquifer microorganisms under sulfate-reducing conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Mar;58(3):794-800. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.3.794-800.1992. PMID: 1575482; PMCID: PMC195336. Further resources in the YouTube video description: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcIT7tWOr4o

Today, I make apple cider from scratch. Although this is for making aspirin, this is also a great standalone recipe if you just want to make cider :) This is the 59-second summary for the Open Aspirin project apple cider video (steps 2-4). Full video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jr93-05aYRo Support the project on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/avianyuen Contribute to the GitHub project for OpenAspirin: https://github.com/avianyuen/openaspirin YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdR3GH2xrDPyPme3fRxU_-g TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@avianyuen