"Mwanamke Mwenye Nguvu" (A Strong Woman) by Edwin Okong'o and students A tall man is attacked and robbed by a small woman in the streets of an East African country, but no one believes him.

Fox squirrels flick their tails when they can’t get a cherished nut in much the same way that humans kick a vending machine that fails to deliver the anticipated soda or candy bar, according to new UC Berkeley research. In what is thought to be among the first studies of frustration in free-ranging animals, the findings, published online in the Journal of Comparative Psychology, suggest that animal tail movements reveal their emotional states, particularly the exasperation they feel when stymied during problem-solving tasks. Lead author Delgado and fellow UC Berkeley researchers tracked 22 fox squirrels in their leafy habitats on the campus, putting them through a series of foraging tasks that had them puzzle their way into various open and locked containers to get to nuts or grains. The more frustrated the squirrels became – especially if the container was locked — the more they flicked their bushy tails. On a positive note, these stages of tail-flagging irritation, and even aggression, led fox squirrels to try new strategies, such as biting, flipping, and dragging the box in an attempt to land a reward. The results imply that acts of frustration may be necessary and beneficial to problem solving, Delgado said. For the full story, visit: http://news.berkeley.edu/2016/05/10/fox-squirrels-frustration/ ...

General Biology Lecture

General Biology