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The different histories of Expressionism
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«We no longer live, we are lived. We no longer have freedom, we no longer know how to decide, man is deprived of the soul, nature is deprived of man […]. Never was there an era more ravaged by despair, horror, death. Never has more sepulchral silence reigned over the world. Never has man been smaller. Never has he been more restless. Never has joy been more absent, and freedom more dead. And here is howling despair: man cries out for his soul, a single cry of anguish rises from our time. Art, too, screams in the darkness, calls for rescue, invokes the spirit: it is Expressionism».

Hermann Bahr, an Austrian art critic who lived from 1863 to 1934, said this in his 1916 essay titled "Expressionism." His words capture the essence of an art movement that grew up mostly in northern Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. It had several cores, but all of them were driven by a strong need to show, through mostly figurative compositions, the inner world of the artists rather than just showing what was real. In fact, the term "Expressionism" is different from the more general meaning of the word "expression" in that any artist can show who he or she is through their art, but only an expressionist can make the viewer "live" the artist's deepest feelings by making him or her have strong emotional responses. In this context, it's important to note that this kind of figurative innovation in the 20th century has roots that go back much further. These roots, which can be traced back to the end of the 19th century, can be seen in Van Gogh's swirling brushstrokes, Gauguin's focus on the essential, Munch's drama and social criticism, and Munch's anti-naturalistic language and distortion of primitive art. In art history, we can instead look at what art historian Giulio Carlo Argan said about the difference between Expressionism and Impressionism at the end of the 20th century: «Literally, expression is the opposite of impression. Impression is a movement from the outside to the inside. It is reality (the object) making an impression on consciousness (subject). Expression is a movement in the opposite direction, from the inside to the outside. It is the subject leaving a mark on the object.

At a meeting of the Berlin Secession in 1911, a member of the jury said these words, which foretold the name that art critic and historian Wilhelm Worringer would give to the art movement of the 20th century. German Expressionism was how artists reacted to the climate in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century, which was characterized by an expansionist policy that aimed to create a single state and was fueled by strong nationalist, reactionary, and repressive ideas. These things were perfect for making artists rebel against official art and any kind of conformity. The first group of artists who were part of German Expressionism came together in Dresden in 1905. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff were all architecture students at Hermann Obrist's school. Referring to a part of Nietzsche's book Thus Spoke Zarathustra, this group called itself Die Brücke, which literally means "artists of the bridge." They did this because they wanted to connect with the future of art and stop those who want to kill the creative spirit with rigid and outdated morality. When it comes to Die Brücke's style, Kirchner's work is a good example. He was the movement's most devoted and passionate supporter, and he made aggressive images with sharp edges, deep blacks, strong color contrasts, and disharmonious, biting figures that were meant to expose the lies and hypocrisies of bourgeois society. The second group of German Expressionism, which started in Munich in 1911 and was called Der Blaue Reiter, or the Blue Rider, put more emphasis on colors in pictures. In fact, colors took on such strong symbolic meanings that the movement moved more and more toward abstraction...
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