Author: R. N. Swanson File Type: pdf The election of both Urban VI and Clement VII to the papacy in 1378, by the same body of cardinals, presented the church with an apparently insoluble constitutional difficulty. Dr Swanson examines the reaction to this situation from a hitherto unconsidered perspective that of the universities to whom Europe turned to formulate the theories which would solve the problem. He examines the attempts by the academics to gain support for their various schemes and shows how these produced conflict at various levels locally, between factions within individual universities nationally, between rival universities, and between universities and their ecclesiastical and secular superiors and internationally, as the universities adopted mutually exclusive attitudes and sometimnes clashed with their own popes. The concluding chapters show how the academics finally devised the conciliarist formula which led to the convocation of the Council of Pisa in 1409.** The election of both Urban VI and Clement VII to the papacy in 1378, by the same body of cardinals, presented the church with an apparently insoluble constitutional difficulty. Dr Swanson examines the reaction to this situation from a hitherto unconsidered perspective that of the universities to whom Europe turned to formulate the theories which would solve the problem. He examines the attempts by the academics to gain support for their various schemes and shows how these produced conflict at various levels locally, between factions within individual universities nationally, between rival universities, and between universities and their ecclesiastical and secular superiors and internationally, as the universities adopted mutually exclusive attitudes and sometimnes clashed with their own popes. The concluding chapters show how the academics finally devised the conciliarist formula which led to the convocation of the Council of Pisa in 1409.Book DescriptionThe election of both Urban VI and Clement VII to the papacy in 1378 presented the church with an apparently insoluble constitutional difficulty. Dr Swanson examines how this was dealt with by the universities to whom Europe turned to formulate the theories which would solve the problem.

Author: Thomas Blom Hansen File Type: pdf Annotation. The category of belief has been severely criticised in the last decades but ideas of having principles based on interior refl ections and conscience are as strong as ever across the world. This indicates that the modern idea of conviction - religious or secular - should be understood as a way of relating to the world that has a genealogy of its won that is not identical to religious belief. Modern convictions are based on two forms of ethics firstly an individualized ethics of sincerity that emerged from the 17th century onwards as an ideal of honest and consistent public conduct. Secondly, an ethics of consequence that emerges with radical, Jacobin and collective politics and a new belief in radical socio-political utopias in the 19th century. In the 20th century, these ethical formations have spread across the world and form today the basis of a global grammar of interiority that lies at the heart of near-universal fi gures such as the activist and the committed selfl ess social worker. This title can be previewed in Google Books - httpbooks.google.combooks?vid=ISBN9789056295509.