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Multiple cropping
Soil Fertility Online Course
https://giladjames.com
Section: Enhancing Soil Fertility for Cereal Crop Production Through Biological Practices and the Integration of Organic and In- Organic Fertilizers in Northern Savanna Zone of Ghana
Lesson: Multiple cropping
Soil Fertility.
This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com.
Introduction
In Ghana, it has been estimated that 60 % of the population makes their living from subsistence farming with an average of 27% living in extreme poverty (MoFA, 2002). This is because the most dominant economic activity of the area is agriculture and once agriculture is not well developed, one of the effects is poverty. As observed by many, one of the characteristics of underdeveloped agriculture is the dominance of subsistence farming in these regions (MoFA, 2002, RELC 2004). The slow economic growth and high poverty level prevailing in Northern Ghana (Upper East, Upper West and the Brong-Ahafo regions) is therefore directly linked to the underdeveloped agricultural sector of the area.
The most affected area in the country is Northern Ghana as it is estimated that up to 80% of the population in this part of the country is poor (Ekekpi and Kombiok, 2008). The many agricultural interventions to transform the small scale farming system and reduce poverty in northern Ghana have largely failed due to several problems such erratic rainfall and poor soils. Further analysis of the northern Ghana agricultural sector problems indicates that poor soils result in low crop yields which are negatively affecting the development of Agriculture (RELC, 2005).
It is therefore not surprising that low soil fertility has always been mentioned by farmers as one of the constraints affecting cereal production in Northern Ghana (RELC, 2005). This is confirmed by the fact that low grain yields of cereals attributed to poor soils for the past decade has been ranked first among the constraints collated from all the districts of northern Ghana at the various regional planning sessions.
The low soil fertility in this part of the country is therefore blamed on the bush fires which usually occur annually during the dry season commencing from October to April the following year (SARI, 1995). This situation renders the soil bare exposing it to both wind and water erosion in the dry and rainy seasons respectively thereby depleting the macro-nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) and organic matter from the soil.
Initially, farmers used to replenish the soil with its nutrients by practicing shifting cultivation or land rotation. However, with the increase in population which has put pressure on land use, this practice is not being sustained and this therefore calls for other measures to maintain soil fertility for sustainable crop production in the savanna zone of Ghana.
The purpose of this lecture is therefore to expose to Agricultural science teachers/trainers, scientists and farmers:
to the available soil fertility enhancing practices applicable in the Savanna zone of Northern Ghana.
To discuss and recommend for adoption the most proven practices involving organic and in-organic materials either by applying each individually or the combination of both in the management of soil fertility for crop production in the Savanna zone of Ghana.
#soil #fertility
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjEZZqIHRsY
https://giladjames.com
Section: Enhancing Soil Fertility for Cereal Crop Production Through Biological Practices and the Integration of Organic and In- Organic Fertilizers in Northern Savanna Zone of Ghana
Lesson: Multiple cropping
Soil Fertility.
This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com.
Introduction
In Ghana, it has been estimated that 60 % of the population makes their living from subsistence farming with an average of 27% living in extreme poverty (MoFA, 2002). This is because the most dominant economic activity of the area is agriculture and once agriculture is not well developed, one of the effects is poverty. As observed by many, one of the characteristics of underdeveloped agriculture is the dominance of subsistence farming in these regions (MoFA, 2002, RELC 2004). The slow economic growth and high poverty level prevailing in Northern Ghana (Upper East, Upper West and the Brong-Ahafo regions) is therefore directly linked to the underdeveloped agricultural sector of the area.
The most affected area in the country is Northern Ghana as it is estimated that up to 80% of the population in this part of the country is poor (Ekekpi and Kombiok, 2008). The many agricultural interventions to transform the small scale farming system and reduce poverty in northern Ghana have largely failed due to several problems such erratic rainfall and poor soils. Further analysis of the northern Ghana agricultural sector problems indicates that poor soils result in low crop yields which are negatively affecting the development of Agriculture (RELC, 2005).
It is therefore not surprising that low soil fertility has always been mentioned by farmers as one of the constraints affecting cereal production in Northern Ghana (RELC, 2005). This is confirmed by the fact that low grain yields of cereals attributed to poor soils for the past decade has been ranked first among the constraints collated from all the districts of northern Ghana at the various regional planning sessions.
The low soil fertility in this part of the country is therefore blamed on the bush fires which usually occur annually during the dry season commencing from October to April the following year (SARI, 1995). This situation renders the soil bare exposing it to both wind and water erosion in the dry and rainy seasons respectively thereby depleting the macro-nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) and organic matter from the soil.
Initially, farmers used to replenish the soil with its nutrients by practicing shifting cultivation or land rotation. However, with the increase in population which has put pressure on land use, this practice is not being sustained and this therefore calls for other measures to maintain soil fertility for sustainable crop production in the savanna zone of Ghana.
The purpose of this lecture is therefore to expose to Agricultural science teachers/trainers, scientists and farmers:
to the available soil fertility enhancing practices applicable in the Savanna zone of Northern Ghana.
To discuss and recommend for adoption the most proven practices involving organic and in-organic materials either by applying each individually or the combination of both in the management of soil fertility for crop production in the Savanna zone of Ghana.
#soil #fertility
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjEZZqIHRsY
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VIDEO
CLIMA
climate-change-in-euphrates-tigris-basin
Climate Change and Global Warming Online Course
https://giladjames.com
Section: Introductory Chapter: Lake Urmia - A Witness to the Simultaneous Effects of Human Activities, Climate Change, and Global Warming
Lesson: Climate change in Euphrates-Tigris Basin
Climate Change and Global Warming.
This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com.
Climate change and global warming
In spite of the irregular behavior on a daily basis, observations show that, in the atmospheric character of some geographic area, there is some long-time regularity. However, in the twentieth century, the world temperature increased which influenced the world climate. Climate scientists reported that humankind’s growing emission of greenhouse gases will make the long-term change in the climate and global temperature. As organizations, governments, and people have moved onward with strategies and actions to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, to adapt to the impacts of climate change, the need for information to support climate-related decisions has grown rapidly in recent years. There is a lack of credible information system to inform climate adoptions and estimate their efficiency.
Greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere through burning coal, natural gas, oil, solid waste, wood products, and trees. The greenhouse gases are emitted during the production and transport of fossil fuels or as a result of livestock and other agricultural practices. Changes in greenhouse gas emissions are influenced by many long- and short-term factors. Larger releases of greenhouse gases result in higher concentrations in the atmosphere. However, as a part of the biological carbon cycle via a certain chemical reactions, carbon dioxide, as a main greenhouse gas, is removed from the atmosphere when it is absorbed by plants. The removal and emissions of greenhouse gases by natural processes tend to balance. Human activities, since the industrial revolution, by adding heat-trapping gases to the atmosphere, have contributed substantively to climate change. It seems that there are enough scientific evidences to prove that the greenhouse gases caused the climate alteration and global warming. In addition, we realized that global temperature was increased over the last decades. However as stated by , the climate change holds significant risks to the natural resources, environments, and societies on which they depend. Climate change and global warming affect human life, meanwhile human activities are also influencing climate.
#climate #change #and #global #warming
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qD53XJ-nB3c
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POINT
pointing-vector-and-equation-of
Seismic Waves Online Course
https://giladjames.com
Section: Appearance of Catastrophes and Plasticity in Porous and Cracked Media
Lesson: Pointing vector and equation of equilibrium for blocked media
Seismic Waves.
This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com.
Introduction
The main idea of continuous mechanics is that any volume is the representative one. It means that the integral of loadings, which concentrates on the surface and bounds mentioned volume, is equal to zero in statics or to inertial forces in dynamics. The evident disagreement that the surface forces and inertial ones apply to different points (inertial forces apply to center of gravity of volume) overcomes due to an assumption about infinite small sizes of the mentioned volume. This assumption gives us a possibility to equal the volume forces (divergence of the stress tensor), which was created by the internal stresses, and the inertial forces, according to the second Newton law. Mathematical technique is based on the Gauss theorem about relation between the field flux across surface and divergence of this field in the volume, which is bounded by closed surface. However, in the structured bodies, there is a fundamentally different situation. The representative volume must contain some set of elementary structures. Otherwise, a small volume will contain only one of the phases, for example, liquid in the pores or the solid skeleton without liquid, and will not characterize the properties of the structured body. The characteristic size of the structure leads to fact that the average distance is between one of the cracks to another and one pore to another given by the specific surface of the sample. It is necessary to connect the integral geometric properties of a medium with physical processes of such bodies deforming. On the contrary with a classic continuum of Cauchy and Poisson, the new continuum for structured or blocked media must contain many degrees of freedom. It is evident because elementary blocks may translate the motion by contact interactions, by rotations, and by group of particle’s motion. It means that the energy contents not in first derivatives (strains) only. The potential energy contents in the second derivatives (curvatures) and other orders of ones. It means that the equation of motion of a blocked medium should contain many derivatives; in other words, the equation of motion may have been very high, probably, the infinite order. The static and dynamic processes in the classic continuum are divided by the Great Wall of China from each other. The equation of equilibrium never will pass in the equation of motion. However, it is evident that the dynamic processes often arise very slow and are quasi-static motions. It would be nice to destroy this mentioned wall by a newly structured continuum. It would be a good idea to destroy the abovementioned wall by means of justification of the newly structured continuum. The seismic emission, which causes due to static loading, maybe not a bad example of such phenomena, which are existed between statics and dynamics.
#seismic #waves
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuUoolhlV_E
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VIDEO
OPERA
operational-model-characteristics-part-3
Climate Change and Local Responses Online Course
https://giladjames.com
Section: Forecasting Weather in Croatia Using ALADIN Numerical Weather Prediction Model
Lesson: Operational model characteristics - PART 3
Climate Change and Local Responses.
This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com.
Introduction
Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are one of the factors contributing to the complex process of providing an accurate weather forecast. A number of global NWP models forecast weather over the whole Earth seven or more days in advance. These large scale global models do not provide high-resolution details that can be important for the weather we feel in a particular point (sensible weather). These details are often provided by limited area models (LAMs) that cover a particular area of interest as will be exemplified in this lecture. The Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (CMHS) uses ALADIN (Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique développement InterNational, ALADIN International Team, 1997) limited area model for the operational weather forecast. This lecture describes the operational NWP aspects in CMHS and provides an insight into high impact weather phenomena that are typical for this region.
The quality of NWP model forecast depends on the NWP model that is used to compute the meteorological forecast fields. Model forecast should improve with the improvements in the model equations and parameterizations used to describe the atmospheric processes (Pielke 2002, Durran 1999, Werner et. al 1997). Another factor is the quality and availability of the measured atmospheric data used as input for the data assimilation procedure that creates the initial conditions for the model forecast. Limited area models also require the lateral boundary conditions data which are another factor contributing to the quality of the weather forecast. Both initial and lateral boundary conditions are usually taken from a larger scale and lower resolution NWP model covering larger geographical area. The initial conditions can be modified using a local initialization procedure.
The operational forecast suite in CMHS uses the initial lateral boundary conditions from the ARPEGE (Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle, http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/ gmapdoc/meshtml/guide_ARP/arpege.html) global NWP model run operationally at Meteo-France. Another set of initial and boundary conditions available in CMHS is from the Integrated Forecast System (IFS, http://www.ecmwf.int/research/ifsdocs/CY36r1/ index.html) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF).
The files received from Meteo-France and ECMWF do not contain the global model fields covering the whole Earth on the native ARPEGE or IFS grid and model levels. To optimize the data transfer, the model data is interpolated to a limited-area Lambert projection grid in a resolution similar to the one of the global model in that area and it is covering a wider geographical area than the local LAM that uses it. Since ALADIN is a spectral model, initial and boundary conditions contain the meteorological data covering the whole model domain in the form of spectral coefficients, and not only the data on the lateral boundaries.
The scheme of the steps taken when making the weather forecast
The number of levels in the vertical is reduced (from 70 in ARPEGE or 91 in IFS to 37 in ALADIN Croatia), since LAM does not have to reach as high in the atmosphere as the global models. The global models have considerably longer forecast range (10 to 15 days in advance) that require knowledge of the atmospheric processes as high as the stratosphere top and mesosphere. These processes have negligible impact in the 72 hour forecast range used for the operational ALADIN forecast in CMHS..
The forecast process (Fig 1) consists of several steps:
collect the measured data representative for the initial forecast time from upper-air soundings, surface stations, meteorological satellites, aircraft and radar data,
data quality control which removes measurements if values are too far from the first guess, removal of observations according to empirical (black)
#climate #change #and #local #responses
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Pgu5F7RkE0
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VIDEO
STUDY
study-area
Climate Variability Online Course
https://giladjames.com
Section: Climate Risk Assessment for Water Resources Development in the Niger River Basin Part I: Context and Climate Projections
Lesson: Study area
Climate Variability.
This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com.
Introduction
Climate change has emerged as one of the most important challenges of the 21st century. Consequently, a plethora of studies has appeared which focus on adaptation measures for responding to the climate change threat. A cursory review of much of the adaptation literature shows, however, that most of it contains little more than generic recommendations to vaguely defined or specified threats. This situation results from the fact that generally the specific impacts of climate change in specific locations or to specific sectors remain poorly understood and under-investigated. This situation is especially acute in Africa where adaptation strategies are urgently needed. In this lecture, we present the results of a study designed to identify and quantify specific impacts of climate change to the hydro-energy, environmental, and agro-economic sectors in the Niger Basin in West Africa.
The Niger River is the second largest river in Africa by discharge volume (5,600 m3/s at Onitsha; 1955-1991) and the third longest (4,100 km). Taking its source on the interior side of the Guinea Daro Massif at an altitude of 1068 meters, the Niger River runs off in a northeasterly direction towards the Niger Inland Delta. At Tossaye (Taoussa, Republic of Mali), the river turns southeast forming the Great Bend and flows on through Niger to Lokoja in Nigeria, where it receives its largest and most important tributary, the Benue River (Fig. 1). From there, the enlarged Niger runs directly south to empty into the Bight of Benin through a network of distributaries in Nigeria’s Terminal Niger Delta. The river’s unusual flow path delineates a drainage basin that is boomerang-shaped and bounded approximately by latitudes 5° N and 22° N and by longitudes 11°30΄ W and 15° E. The Niger Basin’s total drainage area is 2,170,500 km² although 35% (770,500 km2) of the basin lies within the hyper-arid Sahara and contributes no runoff to the Niger River. The Niger Basin cuts across all the major climatic zones of West Africa, including the Guinean or Equatorial forest zone, the Transitional tropical belt, the Sudan Savanna zone, the semi-arid or Sahel savanna belt, and the desert region. Rainfall, temperature, humidity and evaporation all exhibit steep gradients as one moves hinterland from the coast (Fig. 2).
The Location of the Niger Basin in West Africa. Source: BRLi, 2007.
The climatic characteristics of the Niger Basin. The panel on the top left shows the distribution of annual average precipitation, the panel on the top right shows the basin demarcated into active and inactive parts. Also shown is the location of river gauging sites within the basin. The bottom left panel shows the distribution of annual average temperature. Finally, the bottom right panel shows the basin divided into commonly recognized sub-basins. The Upper Niger Basin includes all of the sub basins above the Inner Delta (red area) i.e. Siguiri, Koulikoro (or Sélingué) and Douna (or Bani) watersheds.
The Niger Basin is experiencing considerable pressures on ecosystem resources and with good reason: all 9 countries in the active basin rank among the bottom 40 countries on the Human Development Index (UNDP, 2010). Over 100 million people inhabit the Niger basin distributed in nine countries, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Cote D’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria (Fig. 1). Average population growth rate is estimated at 2.7% and the rate of urbanization at 4.3%, both numbers among the highest rates in the world (UNFPA, 2010). Approximately 70% of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood and overwhelmingly on rain-fed agriculture, and 60% lack access to a developed source of water. Somewhat paradoxically, the basins’ environmental and water resources are currently grossly underutilized. The irrigation potential is es
#climate #variability
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQxiXCR70A
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VIDEO
CROP
crop-rotation-and-intercropping
Soil Fertility Online Course
https://giladjames.com
Section: Enhancing Soil Fertility for Cereal Crop Production Through Biological Practices and the Integration of Organic and In- Organic Fertilizers in Northern Savanna Zone of Ghana
Lesson: Crop rotation and intercropping
Soil Fertility.
This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com.
Introduction
In Ghana, it has been estimated that 60 % of the population makes their living from subsistence farming with an average of 27% living in extreme poverty (MoFA, 2002). This is because the most dominant economic activity of the area is agriculture and once agriculture is not well developed, one of the effects is poverty. As observed by many, one of the characteristics of underdeveloped agriculture is the dominance of subsistence farming in these regions (MoFA, 2002, RELC 2004). The slow economic growth and high poverty level prevailing in Northern Ghana (Upper East, Upper West and the Brong-Ahafo regions) is therefore directly linked to the underdeveloped agricultural sector of the area.
The most affected area in the country is Northern Ghana as it is estimated that up to 80% of the population in this part of the country is poor (Ekekpi and Kombiok, 2008). The many agricultural interventions to transform the small scale farming system and reduce poverty in northern Ghana have largely failed due to several problems such erratic rainfall and poor soils. Further analysis of the northern Ghana agricultural sector problems indicates that poor soils result in low crop yields which are negatively affecting the development of Agriculture (RELC, 2005).
It is therefore not surprising that low soil fertility has always been mentioned by farmers as one of the constraints affecting cereal production in Northern Ghana (RELC, 2005). This is confirmed by the fact that low grain yields of cereals attributed to poor soils for the past decade has been ranked first among the constraints collated from all the districts of northern Ghana at the various regional planning sessions.
The low soil fertility in this part of the country is therefore blamed on the bush fires which usually occur annually during the dry season commencing from October to April the following year (SARI, 1995). This situation renders the soil bare exposing it to both wind and water erosion in the dry and rainy seasons respectively thereby depleting the macro-nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) and organic matter from the soil.
Initially, farmers used to replenish the soil with its nutrients by practicing shifting cultivation or land rotation. However, with the increase in population which has put pressure on land use, this practice is not being sustained and this therefore calls for other measures to maintain soil fertility for sustainable crop production in the savanna zone of Ghana.
The purpose of this lecture is therefore to expose to Agricultural science teachers/trainers, scientists and farmers:
to the available soil fertility enhancing practices applicable in the Savanna zone of Northern Ghana.
To discuss and recommend for adoption the most proven practices involving organic and in-organic materials either by applying each individually or the combination of both in the management of soil fertility for crop production in the Savanna zone of Ghana.
#soil #fertility
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjsE2ts2dwY
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VIDEO
CONTE
contemporary-research-questions-in
Current Practice in Fluvial Geomorphology Online Course
https://giladjames.com
Section: Introductory Chapter: Current Practice in Fluvial Geomorphology: Research Frontiers, Issues and Challenges
Lesson: Contemporary research questions in Fluvial Geomorphology
Current Practice in Fluvial Geomorphology.
This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery Sch
#current #practice #in #fluvial #geomorphology
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOE0uJPRHgE
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ANALY
analytical-methodologies
Geochronology Online Course
https://giladjames.com
Section: Geochronology From The Castelo Branco Pluton (Portugal) — Isotopic Methodologies
Lesson: Analytical methodologies
Geochronology.
This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad Jam
#geochronology
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiGe-1G5JaA
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VIDEO
3D ME
3d-meshing-and-passage-geomorphology
Cave Investigation Online Course
https://giladjames.com
Section: Characterization of Macro- and Micro-Geomorphology of Cave Channel from High-Resolution 3D Laser Scanning Survey: Case Study of Gomantong Cave in Sabah, Malaysia
Lesson: 3D Meshing and passage geomorphology
Cave Investigation.
This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com.
Introduction
Caves are natural resources of complex dimensions that require intelligent planning and management for sustainability. They are naturally formed caverns that have played diverse roles for the human and animal communities. Investigations have revealed primordial use of caves on a short‐ or long‐term basis depending on the nature of activities they are used for or the circumstances that necessitate the usage. Caves have been used by man as shelter and for protection during wars. In many cultures, people bury their dead ones in caves occasionally, with their belongings and gift to help them in their spiritual journey. Man has used and continued to use caves for ritual and religious functions till this present time. Studies have also confirmed that caves were used for industrial purposes. For example, relict ceramic and metal deposits found in the French Bronze Age cave, Les Fraux, indicate that the ancient bronze workers used the cave as “industrial” workshop. It is also on record that Bedeilhac cave, in the French Pyreness, was used as aircraft factory during the post‐Industrial Revolution .
Human beings are rarely the first to explore caves. Caves are favourite natural habitat for varieties of animals, such as pigs, primates, elephants, hornbills, bats, birds, reptiles, amphibians and other organisms, some of which are endangered. Evidence of visitation of animals to some caves has been found in their dung and bones. For example, skeleton of a young elephant was found in a cave in Pahang, Malaysia. Likewise in Kitum caves, Kenya reported the regular visits of elephants to eat minerals from the rocks. For over 600 years, the Great Niah and Gomantong caves in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia Borneo, have been famous for sheltering large colonies of bats and swiftlet birds .
This age‐long interaction of man and animals in caves has resulted in enormous treasures within the confinement of the environment, albeit, it has also endangered the delicate cave ecosystem. In the interest of exploration, exploitation and preservation of the cave environment, man has devised several methods of surveying cave and tracking the resources therein in line with advances in technology of surveying instrumentation. Historically, earliest cave explorers used sketches to communicate or report their observations and findings in the cave. As time passed by, traditional instruments such as compass, clinometers and theodolites progressively became handy for cave mapping. By the turn of 1961, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) began appearing on commercial markets for medical application and ranging. Subsequently, rangefinder and total station emerged with laser‐ranging capability, collecting single‐point xy(z) data at a time. Then, cave mapping became much easier and accurate than with compass and inclinometer; however, cave maps were still delivered in 2D space.
Today, sophisticated light‐scanning (or laser‐scanning) sensors that are capable of collecting several thousands to million points per seconds have taken over from the traditional methods, delivering caves in their true 3D geometry at unprecedented level of accuracy. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) survey has proven positive results in different applications such as archaeological investigations, 3D modelling and visualization, geomorphological analysis, passage stability and risk assessment, biological inventory and so on. A comprehensive review of the journey of laser scanning to caves including method, progress in hardware and software development for data collection and processing can be found in Ref. .
Awareness of the wealth of information conveyed in laser‐scanning data and the significant role high‐resolution 3D documentation can play in deepening the complete understanding of the cave motivates this present investi
#cave #investigation
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90M2_P737S0
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SEISM
seismic-observation-in-the-antarctic
Polar Seismology Online Course
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Section: Introduction: Progress of Seismology in Polar Region
Lesson: Seismic observation in the Antarctic
Polar Seismology.
This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com.
Introduction
The polar region, as a “window” in order to seek the interiors of the Earth, has an advantage to investigate the inner structure and dynamics of the solid Earth by using time-space variations and changes of physical parameters determined from seismological methods. A significant number of scientific research have been carried out from the surface layers to the deeper parts of the Earth, by taking into account the research merits from high latitudes. In this course, progress and achievements by seismological studies in the polar region are summarized from the mid-twentieth century to the present. Characteristics of seismic wave propagation, heterogeneous structure, and dynamics of the Earth’s interiors are demonstrated, which have been conducted by many international research in both areas of the Arctic and the Antarctic regions. Practically, the following scientifically achieved results are introduced by using seismic waves and travel-time data: inner structure and dynamics of the crust and mantle in high latitudes, seismicity and focal mechanism, seismic wave propagation within the global point of view, seismotectonics in the Earth’s history, and other involved topics in terms of “polar seismology.” Major location names in both polar regions are illustrated in Figure 1a and b.
(a) Surface topography and bathymetry in the Antarctic (ETOPO1, ) with major geographic location names treated in this lecture. Plate boundaries are after. Red solid circle represents the “Antarctic circle” (66.6°S). Abbreviations are as follows: LHB, Lützow-Holm Bay; DML, Dronning Maud Land; GSM, Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains; Trans. Ant. Mts., Trans-antarctic Mountains; WARS, West Antarctic Rift System; MBL, Marie Byrd Land; and BFS, Bransfield Strait. Red solid triangles are the permanent stations. SYO, Syowa Station; NM, Neumayer Station; Dome-F (Fuji); Dome-A (Argus); Dome-C (Charlie); DRV, Dumont D’urville; SPA, South Pole Station; McM, McMurdo Station; JBG, Jang Bogo Station; and KSJ, King Sejong Station (original figure prepared for this InTech course). (b) Surface topography and bathymetry in the Arctic (ETOPO1 ) with major geographic location names treated in this review paper. Plate boundaries are after. Red solid circle represents the “Arctic circle” (66.6°N). Abbreviations are as follows: SV, Svalbard; MR, Mendeleev Ridge; and HB, Hudson Bay. Red solid triangles are the permanent stations. KMS, Kamenskoye Station; NAS, Ny-Alesund Station, ICE-S (South). (Original figure prepared for this InTech course.)
The International Polar Year (IPY 2007–2008) program had been conducted as a half-century anniversary from the International Geophysical Year (IGY 1957–1958), when the Antarctic expeditions for scientific purposes started with the involved countries in the polar region. The IPY 2007–2008 was a big international program composed of multidisciplinary science branches such as upper atmosphere, meteorology, glaciology, geosciences, oceanography, and biosciences conducted by a significant number of polar scientists involved. In this course, many of the seismological achievements are carried out by the IPY, including contributions from Japanese seismologists. In addition, the recent trend in scientific investigation for physical interaction between multi-sphere system within the polar surface environment (i.e., atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere-solid Earth) is especially introduced. “Cryoseismology,” most of all, is a new and recent progressing topic of seismic approach to investigate characteristics of seismic waves and seismicity in terms of long-term climate changes such as global warming. The most recent seismic achievements in both polar regions are compiled in the special issue on “Polar Science” .
It is noticed that, moreover, the index introduced in this course intends to demonst
#polar #seismology
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C55kSfBBiV8
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