manila-tamarind-fruit-air-layering
Pithecellobium dulce commonly known as Blackbead, Camachile tree is a genus of flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae that is inhabitant to the Pacific Coast and adjacent highlands of Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. It is an introduced species and extensively naturalized in the Caribbean, Florida, Guam, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines. It is considered an invasive species in Hawaii. Known by several other common names such as Blackbead, Camachile tree, Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, Opiuma, Sweet inga, Manilla Tamarind, Guayamochil, Monkey Pod and much more, in the region of Hawaii, it is considered as an invasive species. The genus name is derived from the Greek words pithekos (an ape) and lobos (a lobe), alluding to the pods, shaped like the human ears. This species was named and described botanically in 1795 from Coromandel, India, where it had been introduced. The specific name, meaning sweet, doubtless refers to the edible seed pulp.
Plant Description
Camachile is a small to medium-sized thorny, multiple-stemmed, deciduous tree or sometime forming only a bush, but often forming a branchy tree with an irregular rounded crown and flexuous and pendulous branches that grows up to 15-20 m in height with a dbh of 30-50 cm, or even 100 cm forming impenetrable thickets. The plant is found growing in dry tropical and subtropical forest, thorn scrub, matorral, secondary savannah, coastal dunes and in the eco-tone habitat between mangrove and lowland forest, and in Mexico it is frequently seen growing on roadsides and in the urban environment. The plant prefers extremely rocky, shallow and skeletal soils, primarily of volcanic origin in areas where soils have often suffered severe abuse through slash and burn agriculture, desiccation and erosion. It is also found along river banks on alluvial soils and sands. It prefers well-drained soils but can grow on heavier clays, including black cotton vertisols. It is known to tolerate moderate salinity in areas with a high brackish water table
A few slender whip-like branches often straggle well beyond the rest of the crown. Crown is spreading but irregular. Trunk is short, about 1 m high, with crooked branches and somewhat shiny branchlets. Bark is grey and smooth in young trees, turning to slightly rough and furrowed in old trees. Bark exudes reddish-brown gum when injured.
Leaves
Leaves are bipinnately compound with a pair of pinnae, each with two leaflets that are kidney shaped and dark green in color. The leaflets are 25-56 mm long and 9-32 mm wide, obliquely elliptic or oblong elliptic with 4-7 pairs of pinnate veins, deep olive green above, paler grey-green below, with small glands, 0.3-0.8 mm high and 0.4-0.7 mm in diameter, at the tip of the petiole and the tip of the pinnular rachis. Spines are present in pairs at the base of the leaf. New leaf growth and shedding of old leaves occur almost simultaneously, giving the tree an evergreen appearance.
Flowers
Flowers are grouped in small, dense, sub-spherical heads, 7-12 mm in diameter, with 20-30 flowers per head, the heads arranged in fascicles of 2-4 in axils of leaves. The flowers are pale whitish-green and the stamen filaments are white. There are 5 sepals and 5 petals fused into a tube, with 22-42 stamens per flower, also basally united into a staminal tube. Flowering normally takes place from March to April.
Fruit
Fertile flowers are followed by fruits that are distinctive in shape and color being spirally curved or coiled into 1-2 circles, noticeably constricted between the seeds. They are initially green tinged red, turning bright rose or bright red as they ripen, and reddish-brown after dehiscence. The unripe pods are fleshy, becoming dry and papery after opening. The pods open along both sides to reveal 8-12 seeds which persist after the pods open, attached by the fleshy white, pale pink or occasionally red, aril. The seeds are shiny black, compressed, lentiform, and 7-13 x 6-11 x 2-4 mm in size.
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