We know that the Celtic society was highly hierarchical and complex. Celtic economy was based on raiding, metallurgy, farming and trade. People could display their social class with items like torcs, weapons and other art pieces. Julius Caesar writes in his recount of the Gallic war: “Throughout all Gaul there are two orders of those men who are of any rank and dignity: for the commonality is held almost in the condition of slaves, and dares to undertake nothing of itself and is admitted to no deliberation. The greater part, when they are pressed either by debt, or the large amount of their tributes, or the oppression of the more powerful, give themselves up in vassalage to the nobles, who possess over them the same rights without exception as masters over their slaves. But of these two orders, one is that of the druids, the other that of the knights.” It was a male-dominated society. Julius Caesar also remarked that husbands had power over the life and death of their wives and children. The relationships and loyalty of one community to another could be shown and guaranteed by hostages - most often sons of noble families. These hostages would live and serve with the hosting side. These hostages were often given voluntarily to some degree, in order to guarantee protection and avoid conflict. Caesar made ample use of this custom in his conquest, to ensure loyalty of Gallic tribes. Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ? Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19 #history #europe #celts #ancienthistory #shorts ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R70gV16BZFk

The Iliad is one of the oldest epics in history, yet it continues to inspire literature and art even to this day. Based on the Troyan war that happened in the bronze age, around 1200 BC, in present-day Turkey, it was written by Homer about 400 years later. These are the opening verses, describing to coming quarrel between king Agamemnon and Achilles: "Sing, goddess, the anger of Peleus' son Achilles and its devastation, which put pains thousandfold upon the Achaeans, hurled in their multitudes to the house of Hades strong souls of heroes, but gave their bodies to be the delicate feasting of dogs, of all birds. And the will of Zeus was accomplished since that time, when first there stood in division of conflict Atreus' son, the lord of men, and brilliant Achilles." (Translated by Richmond Lattimore) Edited with Vegas Pro 19 #illiad #troy #history #shorts ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgUt7_HDzcw

Compared to previous eras, the land of present-day Slovenia during the Early Iron age was marked by regional differences within this small territory. Archeologists split these communities between 5 main cultural groups. This is also the time of earliest written records here. The western groups show more cultural and linguistic similarities to the Venetic people, while the eastern show affinity to Pannonian languages. Similar division has been noticed in different burial methods between groups. Large hillforts dominated the landscape, with Sticna being the largest with 20 hectares, possessing mighty ramparts, rich industry and trade. The rulers, Hallstatt princes, were influential warlords that controlled all areas of society from these strongpoints. The area with its strategic location enabled trade contact with Mediterranean civilizations in the south, Scythians to the east and Baltic sea to the north, with its supply of amber. With the large quantities of iron ore metallurgy flourished. Craftsmen produced large quantities of precious artforms, with the most prestigious being Situla art and the large bronze vessels. Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ? Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19 #slovenia #history #ironage #archaeology #shorts #ifeelslovenia ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBiEALjMj_Y

In the middle of 5th century BC, regions of western and central Europe around the rivers Rhine and Moselle, went through drastic changes. Settlements dispersed and the urban, cultural centers came to ruin, some definitely through violent means. The whole picture and the causes of these turbulent events is still muddled to this day. Like in large social collapses of the previous eras, overpopulation and poor climate conditions that also took place at the time probably led to famine and consequently to conflict and upheaval. People left desolate areas in search of more fertile and safe lands, a situation also noted by the ancient authors of that time. It also gave rise to a distinct military class and cultural phenomenon, liked together by similar archeological finds across Europe and beyond. Today, it is known as La Tene culture, with Celts being their main bearers. In order for a Celt to increase his status, his best chance was to take part or lead a successful raid. Raids enabled acts of valor and the acquisition of prestige goods. Spoils could then be redistributed, encouraging loyalty and arrival of more followers. Some of these groups could even become mercenaries, fighting for a patron in exchange for power and financial compensation. Many Mediterranean factions and rulers have hired Celtic mercenaries to fight for their cause. The accounts vary from praising their skill and courage. But there were only so many potential opportunities for raiding within a small region. This accelerated migration of entire populations when their homeland would become too constricting, overpopulated and was lacking raiding opportunities. The solution was to find new suitable grounds to settle and raid. The spread of La Tene culture across Europe is therefore firmly linked with the Celtic migrations between 5th and 3rd centuries BC. These migrations weren’t spontaneous, but could take years of preparations. One major route was across the Alpine passes into the Po valley and beyond and the other going east and south following the Danube river and beyond. Celts became major players and a concern to the Mediterranean civilizations. During the time of migrations, they even sacked the city of Rome, negotiated with Alexander the Great and almost breached the Holy site at Delphi. A group of Celts continued east and settled in Anatolia. These tribes are collectively known as Galatians. The spread of La Ten culture wasn’t just due to mass conquest of Celtic hordes. Celts didn’t eradicate the local populations of the regions they conquered and migrated to. A lot of small areas they never set foot into, at least not on a large scale. For example, many narrow valleys of alps and other mountainous regions didn’t fit the Celtic lifestyle and economy based on agriculture. They preferred to settle flat lowlands, instead of imposing hillforts of Hallstatt culture, though in some life did continue even into the Late Iron Age. Still small groups and individuals like artisans, mercenaries, and traders spread the La Ten Influence even in such remote areas, where the local communities adopted and adopted the Celtic technology and customs, while keeping some of their local characteristics. Where large-scale Celtic migrations did take place, they often melted together with the natives. The La Tene culture ended up stretching all the way from the British Isles, and Iberia in the west, to Anatolia in the south-east. The following period of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC was marked by the constructions of large urban settlements (oppida) encompassed within impressive ramparts. The Celts were more and more threatened by the expanding Roman state and Germanic peoples. These hostile encounters were highlighted by bloody battles, like Caesar’s famous conquest of Gaul. With pressures from all sides, Celtic Europe gave way to Roman Empire and their way of life, as well as ascending Germanic peoples. Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPFaoJ3QNLQOYiG7Q2jz1zZI/edit?usp=sharing I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. ? Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj-ONVAJL4HEcG3BnigOO6Zuh0iL28-mU Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19 #history #europe #celts #ancienthistory ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKf3cVrSPQw