It is the most powerful machine ever built by man, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, ITER, has reached yet another milestone on November 7, 2019. The concrete base which will house the reactor has been finished. Next step is to get the roof going and eventually the reactor itself. This is good news for all participating countries in this monumental task, paving the way for a future with clean and unlimited energy. The roadmap remains unchanged with its first test runs happening around 2025. Many consider ITER to be the last step in this experimental endeavor spanning back more than 60 years of research and development. But ITER is only an experiment that will be used to prove 5 main concepts: 1. Produce 500 MW of fusion power 2. Demonstrate the integrated operation of technologies for a fusion power plant 3. Achieve a deuterium-tritium plasma in which the reaction is sustained through internal heating 4. Test tritium breeding 5. Demonstrate the safety characteristics of a fusion device
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Stellarators have been around since the 1950s, but they haven't always gotten the attention that they deserved. Because tokamaks were easier to design, for over 70 years they have been occupying the spotlight as the technology that will bring fusion to life.
In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in this technology due to its unique capabilities and impressive stability under extreme conditions. Stellarators are now being touted as the future of fusion energy generation, with many experts predicting that they will soon become the master race of fusion technology.
Software Used:
Blender 3.x
Apple Motion
Final Cut Pro X
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJVToOxWgq4
The Strength of GRAPHENE Explained - In this video I discuss about Graphene and where does the 10x stronger or 200x stronger than steel comes from.
Enjoy!
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvonBXvhCc4
NEW Graphene Discovery May Unlock Superconductivity secrets | Here's how [Update 2019]
Graphene has baffled scientist for over a decade now, but recently they discovered something peculiar yet again.
In this video we will recap all of the peculiar superconductivity aspects of graphene and the magic angle which was recently discovered and tested. It is possible that this will be used with electronic components and most important of all batteries to fuel the electric revolution.
References and further reading
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_superconductors
https://phys.org/news/2018-03-rotated-magic-angle-graphene-sheets.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07848-2
https://www.quantamagazine.org/whats-the-magic-behind-graphenes-magic-angle-20190528/
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.5b07848
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_applications_of_superconductivity
http://news.mit.edu/2018/graphene-insulator-superconductor-0305
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mott_insulator
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.5b07848
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_superconductors
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature26160
NOTE: The animations in my videos take a substantial amount of time to make, so please be patient. I am trying to get a video per week, but some times it takes longer.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyYoE0RloXA
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From Trash To Flash GRAPHENE [2020]
Finding cheaper ways to make high quality graphene in bulk, took the scientific world by storm and so far, there are at least 16 different methods of making it but few of them are capable of mass production at a low cost and high quality.
As of current times the price of graphene per kilogram stands in between $67 - $200 dollars per kilogram depending on the overall quality of the end product. It is only a few hundreds of dollars away from silver at $579/kg.
But to bring the price down one would have to miraculously solve many of the other methods problems such as; be able make graphene out of almost anything that is carbon rich, get rid of solvents or chemical additives, no special environments like vacuum or inert gas atmosphere, and lastly it has to yield large quantities of usable graphene.
Sources
https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/semiconductors/nanotechnology/graphene-flash
https://newatlas.com/materials/high-value-flash-graphene-cheap-trash/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzDrnoGdLO4&feature=emb_logo
https://silverprice.org/silver-price-per-kilo.html
https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/planet-earth/waste/plastic-bags-used-per-year
https://www.esbnyc.com/sites/default/files/esb_fact_sheet_4_9_14_4.pdf
https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/global-plastics-market
NOTE: The animations in my videos take a substantial amount of time to make, so please be patient. I am trying to get a video per week, but some times it takes longer.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhfCix7LFh0
NOTE: Please be patient as I am updating all platforms. Everything will be ready by the end of the week.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z45EXpvuWNw
THORIUM 232 - From History to Reactor
This is a visual summary of all the information about thorium.
Thorium is a weak radioactive element with atomic number 90 and a half-life of 14.05 billion years. About the age of the universe. Although it is one of the rarest metals on earth, its availability is much higher and stable than that of Uranium. 99.98% of this element is encountered as thorium 232 while uranium is mostly found in as Uranium 238 which is a poor contributor for the production of energy.
Uranium reserves are estimated to be about 5.5 million tones but only 0.72% of that is U235 necessary for the reaction. In comparison, thorium reserves are estimated to be 6.3 million tones with a 99.98% usability.
References
https://www.quora.com/Why-is-graphite-used-in-nuclear-reactors
https://www.motionvfx.com/store,project_1301,p2260.html?page=10&focused_prod=2260
BP statistical Review of World energy
https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf
Tonne of oil equivalent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent
Nuclear energy Density
https://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/f/fuelcomparison.htm
Frederick Soddy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Soddy
United states energy consumption
https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/s3ec2_3.pdf
Capacity Factor
https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_6_07_b
How bad is it really?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTKl5X72NIc&t=949s
nuclear waste
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste
Chemical Processing and Power Conversion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBmk7t5K35A
What is nuclear
https://whatisnuclear.com/thorium.html
World Nuclear – Estimated World Thorium resources
https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/thorium.aspx
https://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/te_1450_web.pdf
https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=32912
Land Comparison – Nuclear, wind, solar
https://www.nei.org/news/2015/land-needs-for-wind-solar-dwarf-nuclear-plants
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biToH42YZZ4
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Fusion Rockets - The Real Mars Express [2021]
The proposed and most plausible system that is being researched by NASA is called Electromagnetically Driven Fusion Propulsion. This engine uses electromagnetic fields to achieve fusion and control the exhaust energy.
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Final Cut Pro X
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STtXdpD8LtM
ITER Blanket Shield Module | How it works
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SR-71 Blackbird - Anatomy
In 1957 the CIA initiated project Gusto. Its goal was to develop U2’s replacement. Enter General Dynamics Convair Division and Lockheed Martin Skunk Works.
General dynamics approach used two airplanes. The first being the B-58B and the second, the First Invisible Supper Hustler or FISH.
The idea was to have B-58B carry FISH up to launch altitude, but eventually General Dynamics failed to sell its B-58B prototype to the United States Airforce, imposing a major review to the project.
Because FISH was initially meant to be carried by another airplane, they quickly had to change this concept, to which they nicknamed KingFISH.
On Lockheed side, many designs were studied such as the Arrow 1, Archangel 1 and Archangel 2.
On November 25th, 1958, both companies received compensation to continue refining its prototype airplanes. For the next year, Lockheed would spend most of its time refining no less than 10 of its major designs, A-3 to A-12.
One pattern stood out from all models and that was the design trend of the delta wing as portraited on A-10 model and later established on the finalized version A-12.
The competition for the CIA secret airplane development came to an end on August 29, 1959 when Lockheed received an official notification for its winning design, the A-12. A $4.5 million-dollar advance award was given to continue development of the plane.
Eventually the Air Force saw a potential in developing an interceptor variant of A-12, becoming AF-12 under the project codename “Kedlock”.
Sources
Haynes Owners Workshop manual – Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
The Complete Book of the SR-71 Blackbird
Attribution
By Source, Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62033036
By Jonathan Cutrer from San Angelo, Texas, United States - SR-71 Blackbird Cockpit Windows, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=84513448
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