英国医师亚伯拉罕|如何挑选防晒霜|Sunscreen | Sun Cream | Best Sunscreen|给大家科普健康知识的乐观医生
So, a few months ago 几个月前 we did a responding to your comments video 我们做了一期回复评论的视频 on how to treat sunburn. 教大家晒黑了怎么办 The video’s really well 那期视频做得很棒 and I think we probably had over a thousand messages of people asking me: 我想我大概收到了上千条消息来问我: “Abraham, what sunscreens do you recommend?” “Abraham 你推荐哪种防晒霜?” So you asked for it and you got it. 我当然是有求必应 But before we begin, 但在此之前 I just want to tell you this one thing. 我要跟大家说明一点 I know that youtubers are often approached by many companies 我知道经常会有公司找油管博主 to endorse or recommend their products. 宣传推广他们的产品 I’m also approached by many of these companies as well, 我也遇到过很多这种公司 but I do feel it’s unethical of me to do this. 但我觉得这么做好像很没职业道德 So what I’m not going to be doing in this video 所以在这期视频中 is recommanding you a certain product. 我不会给各位推荐某个产品 but what I will do is I’m gonna teach you 我要做的是教你们 how to protect yourself from the sun 如何保护自己不被晒黑 I’m also gonna teach you what to look out for 我还会告诉你应该注意什么 what ingredients to look out for 应该关注哪些成分 and how to pick the best sunscreen from any pharmacy. 还有怎么在药妆店挑到最好的防晒霜 So without further ado 那么 废话不多说 Let’s begin. I’m gonna go to work 我们开始吧 我先去上班的地方 and I’ll see you there 我们在那儿见 So for us to understand sunscreens 要了解防晒产品 we first need to understand how our skin reacts to ultraviolet light 我们首先要知道紫外线对皮肤的影响 and to do this we use something called Fitzpatrick Skin Type Scale 这需要用到一个叫菲茨帕特里克肤质表的东西 which should pop up now. 这个表现在已经弹出来了 have a look at it maybe pause the video 你可以暂停视频进行查看 and determine which skin type you are. 确定你是哪种肤质 I would classify myself as a type 3. 我自己属于第三类 Now we will come back to skin types a bit later on in the video 我们过一会儿再回到肤质问题 but first let’s learn about sunscreens 我们先来了解一下防晒霜 so sunscreens can contain two agents 防晒霜通常有两种有效成分 known as chemical absorbers and physical absorbers 一种是化学吸收剂 一种是物理吸收剂 now chemical absorbers are more commonly found in sunscreens 现在化学吸收剂在防晒霜中使用更广泛 and the way they work is by converting UVB radiation into heat. 其工作原理是把中波紫外线辐射转化成热 Physical absorbers, however, aren’t commonly found in sunscreens 物理吸收剂在防晒霜中并不多见 and they’re insoluble pigments found in the sunscreen 这种吸收剂是防晒霜里不溶的色素 when you apply it, 抹在皮肤上时 it forms a non-transparent layer on the skin 就会在皮肤表面形成不透明层 physically blocking both UVA and UVB radiation 从物理上阻隔UVA和UVB的辐射 so how do you check if your sunscreen has a physical blocker 那怎么确定你的防晒霜有没有物理防护呢 Well, it’s pretty simple 这很简单 just read the ingredients with things like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide 只要看成分里有没有二氧化锌和二氧化钛 they’re basically your ingredients that are physical blockers 这些基本上就是物理隔离的成分了 but remember this,generally speaking, when a sunscreen has a physical blocker 但是要记住 一般来说 有物理阻断的防晒霜 it is a little thicker to use 用起来会有点粘稠 and it also may leave a white layer on your skin 并会在你皮肤表面留下一层白色 I don’t mind it, many people don’t 我不介意这个 很多人都不会 but it’s good for you to know that. 但还是让你知道比较好 okay, so what about SPF 那么 SPF又是什么呢 SPF stands for Sun Protection factor SPF指防晒系数 and it describes the protection you get against burning from UVB radiation 用来描述对UVB辐射的防护程度 so it tells you how long you can stay in the Sun without burning. 这个系数告诉你在太阳下你能待多久而不被晒黑 Now,let’s say your sunscreen is SPF 15, 比如说你的防晒霜是SPF15 and you can usually spend about 10 minutes in the sun without burning 你通常可以在太阳下待十分钟不被晒黑 now by applying SPF 15 sunscreen it’s going to mean 涂抹了SPF15的防晒霜 你就可以 you can spend 15 times longer in the Sun without burning 在阳光下待15倍的时间而不被晒黑 so 15 multiplied by 10 minutes duration which you’re good with 15倍乘你自己能承受日晒的10分钟 gives you 150 minutes in the Sun without burning 等于150分钟日光下不被晒黑 But the question is how accurate is SPF? 但SPF有多精确呢? Is it an exact science? 它是精确的科学吗 Well…I’m afraid it’s not 恐怕并不是 because what SPF doesn’t do is 因为SPF不会 it doesn’t take into account many different variables 把不同的变量考虑进去 so one example is the intensity of solar radiation 比如说太阳辐射的强度 so this can differ at different times of the day 这在不同时段都会有差异的 different seasons and also reflection of solar radiation off surfaces 不同的季节 还有 太阳辐射在平面上产生的反射 So where are you? Are you on water 比如你的位置 你在水里 are you on snow, are you on sand? 在雪地里 还是在沙滩上 All of these can have a massive impact 这些都对辐射有巨大影响 so SPF protects against UVB radiation SPF是对UVB辐射的防护 but what about UVA radiation? 那么UVA辐射呢 It doesn’t cause burning but it does cause UVA不会让你晒黑但却会 skin ageing wrinkles and skin cancer 带来皮肤老化皱纹和皮肤癌 now UVA protection is classified by a star rating UVA防护用星级分类 and I don’t actually think many people are aware of this 我觉得很多人都不知道这点 and I do think that the sunscreen manufacturers should 我认为防晒霜生产厂商真的应该 make this more visible so everyone’s aware 把它标得更显眼才能引起注意 so you have star ratings of one to five, 星级有一到五级 one gives you about twenty to forty percent protection against UVA radiation 一星能提供20-40%的UVA防护 and five star which is the best 五星是最好的一种 gives you about 90 to 100 percent protection against UVA radiation 具有90-100%的UVA辐射防护 so you now know how sunscreens work about SPF and UVA protection 了解了防晒霜的SPF和UVA防护 but which sunscreen should you get, which is the bes
Dogogo here
不到十年
barely a decade- old
特斯拉公司已成为业内巨擎 广受尊重
Tesla is ready gigantic and adored
摩根士丹利称其为
Morgan Stanley calls it
全球最重要的汽车公司
the world’s most important car company
2014年 一次全美范围的调查
and 2014 American nationwide survey
显示 特斯拉的Model S型轿车
found that the Tesla’s Model S
是最受
was the most
美国人喜爱的车型
loved vehicle in America
其他老牌厂商 如宝马
other season manufacturers such as BMW
梅赛德斯奔驰
and Mercedes- Benz
目前都加入到全电动车的行列
and now getting involved in the fully electric movement
甚至苹果公司 也据称在开发电动轿车
even Apple is said to have an electric car in the works
千头万绪 从何说起?
so how did this all happen
通过本视频
in this video
我们将探明特斯拉究竟如何起家
we’ll find out exactly how Tesla began
了解有关这家公司的惊人事实
learn some amazing facts about company
接下来 我们还将通过与其他传统车企对比的方式 看看特斯拉到底有多大
and then we’ll see just how big it is compared to other traditional car companies
希望你有所收获
you may just learn a thing or two
咱们直奔主题
so let’s get straight into it
序曲
Prelude
与人们普遍认为的不同
contrary to popular belief
19世纪末的首批汽车中 不少其实都是电动车
many of the first cars in the late 1800s were actually electric vehicles
因为 第一批电动车实际上
for the first electric cars were actually
嗯
uh
就是装了电动马达的车厢
carriages with the electric motors
因为电力是在十九世纪九十年代出现的
because electricity it started come in the 1890s
我们确实有一张照片
we really do have a photography
内容是1902年 在特拉华公园赌场前面停着不少那样的车
or a number of those cars in front of Delaware Park Casino in 1902
随着人类的发展
as we move forward
人们发现石油生意能挣大钱
it was discovered that incredible amounts of money could be made by selling petrol
电动车就被抛弃了
and electric cars feted by the wayside
我对反潮流的事物感兴趣
I feel interested in beating the pop
很难打败
it’s hard to beat
电动车
an electric car
电动车的问题在于
the problem with electric cars is
美国市场上没有一款实用的
there isn’t a single practical
价格合理的
reasonably priced
新式
new electric
电动轿车 就目前而言
vehicle on the US market right now
十年以前 美国汽车城底特律似乎打定了主意开发电动车
ten years ago Detroit seemed positively plugged in
电动轿车…
the electric car is
就在这…
here
通用汽车公司制造了至少一千辆传说中的EV1型轿车
General Motors built at least about a thousand of the fabled EV1s
在此之前 加州法律刚刚修改了
after a California law mandated its sales of
销售零排放交通工具的法律
zero-emission vehicles
我认为这代表了未来
I think it’s the future
我很开心
I’m happy
但2003年 加州偃旗息鼓了
but by 2003 California backed down
通用汽车回购了所有EV1型车
GM Repo the EV1s
并在抗议声中将其全部销毁
and destroyed them amid protests
他们是
they are
惧怕电动车
fearful of how disruptive
可能造成的影响
plug-in cars will be
以及会使得
and how unattractive
他们原先的生产线失去吸引力
their old product line will appear
多年以来 电动车从未真的有过太多希望
over the years the electric car never really saw much hope
但到了2003年七月
but in July 2003
发生了一件影响世界的大事
a world- changing event happened
那一年
in this year
马丁 · 艾伯哈德
Tesla Motors was founded by Martin Eberhard
和马克 · 塔彭宁创立了特斯拉公司
and Marc Tarpenning
第二年
the very next year
埃隆 • 马斯克向该公司注入巨资
Elon Musk invested heavily into the company
且加入特斯拉董事会任主席
and joined Tesla’s board of directors as its chairman
从一开始
from the beginning
马斯克就始终有一个愿景
Musk consistently had a vision
他希望特斯拉能超越平庸
he wanted Tesla to be something special
公司的长远目标
its long-term goal
是创造
was to create
价格合理的 可大规模投放市场的电动车辆
affordable mass- market electric vehicles
人人都可拥有
for everyone
马斯克亲自监督该公司第一款轿车
About one year ago
大约一年前
we released the how to stop acne video.
我们发布了预防痤疮的视频
Now still to this day
直到现在
I honestly can’t believe how well it’s done
说实话 我都不敢相信它这么受欢迎
The amount love it’s had, the amount of views it’s had, nearly 1 million!
点赞数和播放量接近百万!
Thank you!
非常感谢你们!
Now by far one of the most common comments on that video
目前为止 大家问的最多的问题
was about pores
都跟毛孔有关
and more specifically how to shrink them?
比如更具体的 如何收缩毛孔?
So we decided
所以 我们决定
let’s do a full video on this topic.
以此为题做一期视频
Let’s begin.
开始吧
OK so why do we get enlarged pores?
首先 毛孔为什么会变粗大呢?
Well, we all have pores.
我们都有毛孔
But enlarged pores are depressions in the facial skin that carry things like oil
但毛孔粗大是因为皮肤的毛孔中含有油脂类物质
that carry sweat from their respective glands.
这些油脂从各自的腺体排除
So it’s completely normal.
因此它是很正常的
And enlarged pores can be seen in
且毛孔粗大会发生在
all ages and all ethnicities.
各个年龄段和人种中
However certain ethnicities do tend to have larger pores.
然而 有些人的毛孔确实更容易粗大
For instance those of African and those of Indian ancestry
比如那些有着 非洲和印度血统的人
Background done.
介绍完背景知识
Now let’s see how we can shrink these pores.
现在来说说如何收缩毛孔
So Tip NO. 1 as we age
第一 随着年龄的增长
our skin becomes less elastic
我们的皮肤会变得缺乏弹性
and that’s a normal process of ageing.
这种衰老过程 是很正常的
and there’s not actually much we can do about that
我们确实对此无能为力
but sun damage can also cause ageing of the
但晒伤也会导致皮肤老化
skin and it can lead to enlarged pores
从而导致毛孔粗大
Now if you live in the UK or you live in
如果你住在英国或
a country with a similar climate
其它类似温带海洋性气候的国家
you probably only see the sun once or twice a year
你可能一年只能见到一两次太阳
the rest of the year is always cloudy
其他时候都是阴天
And I said that with such a serious face
我说得很夸张
but in reality we do see the sun but it is cloudy a lot at a time
但实际上 我们还是能看到太阳的 只不过多数还是阴天
and you might think to yourself well it’s always cloudy
你可能会想 它总是阴天
I don’t even see the sun I’m not gonna get some damage
我甚至没见过太阳 那我就不会晒伤
But that’s where you’re wrong
其实不然
Because these UV rays can still penetrate.
因为紫外线仍然具有穿透力
And it can still damage the skin
从而损害皮肤
so if you haven’t figured it out yet
如果你还没有好的解决办法 来试试我说的吧
Tip 1 is all about using a good sunscreen every single day
第一 每天都要涂质量好的防晒霜
that protects you against both UVA and UVB radiation
使皮肤免受紫外线伤害
Now if you’re thinking to yourself but Abraham,
如果你在想 亚伯拉罕
which sunscreen do I buy just tell me.
你直接告诉我该买什么防晒霜吧
Well, the good news is I made a video on this not long ago.
告诉你们个好消息 不久前我就此做了个视频
I’ll leave a link up here and in the description below
我会把视频链接放在屏幕上和简介区
on how to buy the best sunscreen from any pharmacy.
视频介绍了如何在药店买到最好的防晒霜
what ingredients to look out for
需要注意哪些成分
and everything you need to know
以及买防晒霜该知道的所有事情
so if you feel like you need more information on this topic
如果你想了解更多关于防晒霜的知识
feel free to watch it at the end of this video
请在视频结尾查看
which leads me on to tip NO. 2
接下来第二点
have you ever heard of sebum
你听说过油脂吗
well if you haven’t you’re not missing out on much so don’t worry
如果没听过 也没关系 不必担心
but it’s basically the oil that we secrete
因为油脂基本上是从我们的
from our face and scalp from our sebaceous glands
脸部 头皮和我们的皮脂腺分泌的油脂
Now here’s the thing increased sebum can lead to enlarged pores
而油脂的增加会导致毛孔粗大
Now sebum production depends on many things like
许多因素会导致油脂的产生
age it depends on gender and even weight
比如年龄 性别甚至体重等
Now a lot of these you can’t really do anything about
还有许多你不能改变的东西
but there have been reports that if you are overweight
但是有研究表明 如果你体重超标的话
if you lose weight it can help reduce sebum production
减肥 将会帮助减少油脂的产生
and help to reduce the appearance of enlarged pores
帮助缓解毛孔粗大问题
Tip NO.3 non-comedogenic skincare products
第三 没有诱发粉刺成分的产品
which is basically a fancy word
基本上是一个好的产品
for products that aren’t going to clog your pores
因为它不会堵塞你的毛孔
because when you pores clog
当你的毛孔堵塞时
they expand and it can make them appear much larger
它们将会膨胀使自己变得更大
so to avoid clogged pores
为了避免被堵塞
look for any of the following terms on skincare products that you use on your face
从你用的面部护肤品中 寻找以上这三条术语
and if you don’t see them then avoid using it
如果你没有看见以上三条 千万别用!!!
which moves me on to Tip NO.4 acne
接下来 第四点 痤疮
I’m afraid it is associated with enlarged pore
我担心它与毛孔粗大有关
so what we need to do
所以我们该如何预防它呢?
is keep it under control with the correct care and treatment to avoid it
我们要通过正确的护理和治疗来防止它
from becoming inflammatory and enlarging those pores
变成炎症 从而扩大毛孔
Now if you haven’t seen my how to treat acne video
如果你还没有看过我关于如何应对痤疮的视频
I will leave a link up here and in the description below for you
我会在屏幕上和简介区留下链接
so feel free to watch it
请注意查看
but please remember that if the tips aren’t helping
但请记住 如果这些方法对你没有帮助
your acne is getting worse
你的痤疮更严重了
and you are in distress,
使你感到烦恼
then please always speak to your doctor
请及时就医
Tip NO.5 don’t leave it
第五 不要放任毛孔变大不管
remember as we age
记住随着我们年龄的增长
generally speaking pores are going to get bigger
毛孔都会变大
so if you see no improvements
所以如果你的毛孔没有缩小
and it’s not getting any better
也没有任何改善的迹象
then always beat you doctor first
抓紧联系你的医生
make them aware of this
告知他们你的情况
they may prescribe you some treatments
让他给你开些药方
be
Flu can be very unpleasant
流感可能会非常让人不舒服
but if you’re otherwise fit and healthy
但如果你还算身体健康
it usually lasts about a week or two
流感通常只会持续一到两周
but if you are in a risk group
但如果你属于易感人群
it can make you more at risk of potentially serious complications of flu
你患严重流感并发症的风险可能会更高
and nobody wants that
没人想要这个结果
in this week’s video
通过观看这周的视频
I’m going to make you a flu vaccine pro
我将会帮你成为一个流感疫苗的专家
now you may be wondering
现在你可能在想
who is in the at-risk group
流感易感人群都有谁
well it’s quite a big list
其实包括很多人
which includes over 65s pregnant women people
比如65岁以上的人 孕妇
people live in residential homes people with learning disabilities
住养老院的老人 患有学习障碍的人
and certain medical conditions
和一些患有特定疾病的人
like asthma COPD diabetes and many more
如哮喘 慢性阻塞性肺病 糖尿病等等
I will leave a full list in the description below
我将在下面的说明中附上完整的列表
now if you a loved one a family member
如果你自己 你爱的人 你的家人
anyone you know is in the at-risk group
或任何你认识的人属于易感人群
it’s recommended that you have the flu vaccine every single year to protect yourself
建议大家每一年都接种流感疫苗来保护自己
now you may be thinking to yourself with Abraham
现在你可能和Abraham一样在思考
protect me from what what do I need protecting from
保护我什么?我需要预防什么?
well I’m going to tell you because if you are in the at-risk group
让我来告诉你 如果你属于易感人群
and you get flu
你得流感之后
you’re certainly a much higher risk of developing serious complications
患严重并发症的风险无疑更高
one of which for example is pneumonia a lung infection
比如说 肺炎 一种肺部感染
and in the UK on average
在英国平均每年
flu kills about 8,000 people per year
有大约8000人死于流感
now if you’re watching this video
如果你正在看这个视频
and you live in the UK
而且你正住在英国
well the good news is that
那么好消息是
the NHS flu vaccine is available every year
易感人群现在每年可以免费接种
free of charge for anyone who is in the at-risk group
由英国国民健康保险制度所提供的疫苗
and you can get this vaccine at your local pharmacy at your surgery
在当地的药店或诊所即可免费获得此疫苗
all of this is provided free of charge by the NHS
所有这一切都由英国国民健康保险制度免费提供
so you now know the background
所以现在你知道了疫苗接种的背景
you know the complications of flu
知道了流感并发症
and you also know the importance of getting the flu vaccine
也知道了接种流感疫苗的重要性
but what about the flu vaccine itself
但是关于疫苗自身呢?
because I’m sure you’ve got lots of questions about it
我确信你有很多疑问等待解答
and I know just the person to speak to
而我知道该去问谁
I’ve decided to get some help from a good friend of mine
我决定去求助一个好友
which you’ll most likely know from a popular TV show
你很有可能在一个有名的电视节目中见过他
called GPs behind closed doors
《门后的医生们》
his name is Dr. Amir Khan
他就是Amir Khan医生
and I’ve come to his surgery to find out more
我去了他的诊疗室 想了解更多
I’ve come with questions the viewers want answers
我是带着观众们的问题来的
so let’s just dive in
所以我们就开门见山吧
so if question what how effective is the flu vaccine
第一个问题是 这个流感疫苗有多有效?
the flu vaccine works better in some years than in others
流感疫苗在某些年份比其他年份的效果要更好
the problem is the virus keeps changing
因为流感病毒是在不停变化的
so it’s difficult to predict
所以非常难以预测
last year in the UK
去年在英国
the vaccine prevented 60% of cases of flu
该疫苗降低了六成
in adults aged over 65
65岁以上人群患流感的风险
yes so last year there was actually two types of flu vaccines
是的 所以去年实际上有两种流感疫苗
and for those aged over 65
为65岁以上的人
they were offered the trivalent flu vaccine with an adjuvant
提供了带有佐剂的三价流感疫苗
and those under 64 who were in the at-risk group
为64岁以下的易感人群
offered a quadrivalent flu vaccine
提供了四价流感疫苗
and the results are pretty good so far
到目前为止效果还不错
that’s correct adjuvants helped lengthen and strengthen
对 佐剂可以延长和加强
your immune response to a vaccine
你对于疫苗的免疫反应
and they shown to make vaccines more effective in older adults
这使得疫苗对老年人更有效
that’s fantastic
那太棒了
and this helps lead me on to my next question
这也引出了我的下一个问题
which is all about ingredients
是关于疫苗成分的
what’s in these vaccines are they harmful at all
疫苗里都有什么 有有害成分吗
well vaccines contain tiny quantities of substances
疫苗含有各种微量物质
which are found naturally in the body
都是天然存在于人体之中的
for example many vaccines contain salts such as sodium and potassium
例如 很多疫苗都含有盐 比如说钠和钾
which help regulate the acidity of a vaccine
这有助于调节疫苗的酸度
other ingredients help preserve and stabilize the vaccine
其他的成分使得疫苗易于保存 保持稳定
whilst improving your immune response to it
同时也能增强你对于疫苗的免疫反应
so to summarize
所以我们总结一下
are the ingredients harmful for our body no
这些成分有害吗? 不
are the ingredients normal for our body yes
这些成分对我们身体合适吗? 是的
which they’ve notes my next question
这又引出了我的下一个问题
how safe is the flu vaccine
流感疫苗有多安全
well just like everything in life
就像我们人生中的各种事情
the flu vaccines do carry some risks
它的确有一些风险
but most of these risks are fairly minor
但大多数风险都相当小
such as swelling or redness at the injection site mild fevers
比如注射部位肿胀或发红 轻度发烧
nothing serious
没有什么严重的
severe reactions to the vaccines are rare
对该疫苗的严重不良反应非常少见
I think in general very few people are unable to get flu vaccine
大体上来说 我认为很少有人无法接种流感疫苗
however it is worth mentioning
但有必要提一下
that if you do have an egg allergy
如果你对鸡蛋过敏
it’s worth letting your healthcare professional know
有必要告知相关的医务人员
just so that they can give you a suitable vaccine
这样他们能够给你提供合适的疫苗
I think it might also be useful
我觉得在说明里给出更多
to put more information in