In this video, Dr. Mobeen Syed gives an overview of the functions of immune cells.
He discusses that the formation of immune cells occurs in the bone marrow.
Natural killer cells detect less MHC 1 on the pathogen-infected cells.
Eosinophils cause asthma by the attack on epithelium by major-basic protein. They can also kill the larvae of the worms in the bloodstream.
Mast cells and basophils are the causative agents for anaphylaxis.
Neutrophils cause phagocytosis but are not antigen-presenting cells.
Macrophages and dendritic cells cause phagocytosis and also present antigens on their surface.
The liver is the manufacturing factory of the complement system.
C 3a is called anaphylatoxin.
C 5a is also called anaphylatoxin and is chemotactic as well.
C 3b is called opsonin. It attaches to the pathogen.
Membrane-attack complex drills hole in the membrane of the pathogen.
All the substances in the pathogen spill out, and it dies.
The following topics have discussed in the video:
* Functions of natural killer cells
* Functions of eosinophils
* Functions of basophils
* Functions of mast cells
* Functions of neutrophils
* Functions of dendritic cells
* Functions of macrophages
* Functions of complement proteins
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyC5hLwwArI
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In this video Dr. Mobeen discusses:
Ventilation-perfusion ratio.
Ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
Alveolar ventilation.
Blood flow through the lungs.
Calculating the ventilation-perfusion ratio.
Evaluating the V/Q ratio.
Generalizations of the V/Q ratio.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koONVYpN_YQ
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Serology
EBV has interesting phases/stages of latency. Let's review some points about EBV serology.
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Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.
URL list from Thursday, Apr. 6 2023
Stress-Induced Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation - PMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8470332/#:~:text=Overview%20of%20EBV%20Reactivation%20and%20the%20Lytic%20Cycle,%2C%20and%20late%20%5B56%5D.
The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis - eClinicalMedicine
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(22)00491-6/fulltext
Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation - PMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8233978/
Positive Epstein–Barr virus detection in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-90351-y
Frontiers | Saliva antibody-fingerprint of reactivated latent viruses after mild/asymptomatic COVID-19 is unique in patients with myalgic-encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.949787/full
JCI - Chronic viral coinfections differentially affect the likelihood of developing long COVID
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/163669
COVID isn't just infecting you—it could be reactivating viruses that have been dormant in your body for years | Fortune Well
https://fortune.com/well/2022/12/26/is-long-covid-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-myalgic-encephalomyelitis/
SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers reactivation of latent viruses in people with chronic fatigue syndrome
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20221116/SARS-CoV-2-infection-triggers-reactivation-of-latent-viruses-in-people-with-chronic-fatigue-syndrome.aspx
Impact of Pre-Existing Chronic Viral Infection and Reactivation on the Development of Long COVID - PMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9327632/
Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations | Nature Reviews Microbiology
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-022-00846-2
Impact of Pre-Existing Chronic Viral Infection and Reactivation on the Development of Long COVID | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.22276660v2
What Have We Learned about Long COVID? | Columbia University Irving Medical Center
https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/what-have-we-learned-about-long-covid
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CF8ZEFw02e8
Random COVID Chit Chat with Dr. Been (#39)
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XTbEibVTOY
Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines Effective Against Indian Variants (B.1.617 and B.1.618)
Researchers from NYU have found that both the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are effective against the SARS-COV-2 variant from India. Though, this efficacy is slightly reduced, as is the case with other variants.
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Study preprint
The Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 and B.1.618 Variants Identified in India Provide Partial Resistance to Vaccine-elicited and Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies.
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444076v1.full.pdf
Interesting to observe how media interprets it.
Covid-19 vaccines work on current India variant but experts fret about the next
https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/covid-19-vaccines-work-on-current-india-variant-but-experts-fret-about-the-next
Pfizer, Moderna vaccines effective against variants first detected in India: Study
https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/pfizer-moderna-vaccines-effective-against-indian-coronavirus-variants-study
Pfizer and Moderna vaccines appear to protect against variants first seen in India, lab experiments suggest
https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-vaccine-updates-05-17-21/h_22de6c9c51ff8c203ee501ed40fdea96
Pfizer, Moderna vaccines effective against Indian variants: Study
https://www.hindustantimes.com/health/pfizer-moderna-vaccines-effective-against-indian-variants-study-101621275927361.html
Pfizer, Moderna vaccines effective against Indian variants: study
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-05-pfizer-moderna-vaccines-effective-indian.html
Related reading
What is an antibody titer?
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-an-Antibody-Titer.aspx
What are lentiviruses?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentivirus
N501Y mutation
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210311/N501Y-mutation-in-SARS-CoV-2-responsible-for-increased-viral-transmission.aspx
CDC on variants
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variant-surveillance/variant-info.html
Lineages
https://cov-lineages.org/lineages/lineage_B.1.html
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...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kMGLdblYUY
Random Questions with Dr. Been (#130)
Let’s discuss your general questions.
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Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kRH4JNcAbo
Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a particle (pathogen), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis.
In a multicellular organism's immune system, phagocytosis is a principal mechanism used to remove pathogens and cellular debris.
Dr. Mobeen Syed explains that dendritic cells grab the antigens which enter the body.
Phagocytes (dendritic cells) aim to destroy pathogens by engulfing them and subjecting them to a battery of toxic chemicals inside a phagolysosome.
Phagocytes have various vacuoles filled with chemical substances, which fuse with the phagocytosed-pathogen.
The chemical substances are spilled into the phagosome and break it up into pieces.
The pieces of the phagosome (eaten-up) stick to the surface of the phagocyte.
MHC 2 protein causes sticking of the parts of the pathogen to the outer surface of the phagocyte. This process is called antigen presentation.
The following topics have discussed in the full video:
* Basic mechanism of phagocytosis
* Role of vacuoles in phagocytosis
* Antigen presentation by the phagocytes
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o97UwhIDDio
Why Free Spike in The Blood?
Multiple studies are demonstrating spike proteins in the blood of vaccinated or infected even months after the event. Let's review the possibilities of the spike protein being present in the blood.
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Want to support this work?:
Buy me a coffee :-) https://www.buymeacoffee.com/DrMobeenSyed
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Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.
URL list from Monday, Apr. 24 2023
People with Long COVID May Still Have Spike Proteins in Their Blood - Scientific American
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/people-with-long-covid-may-still-have-spike-proteins-in-their-blood1/
Persistent Circulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Is Associated With Post-acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 Sequelae | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/76/3/e487/6686531
Circulating Spike Protein Detected in Post–COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Myocarditis | Circulation
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061025#d1e1289
Circulating Spike Protein Detected in Post-COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Myocarditis - PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36597886/
Circulating Spike Protein Detected in Post–COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Myocarditis - PMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10010667/
Discovering cardiac pericyte biology: From physiopathological mechanisms to potential therapeutic applications in ischemic heart disease - ScienceDirect
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1537189116301173
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWFwX9aEO-0
Ivermectin and COVID Anosmia A Review of Studies
It’s been more than a year since COVID related anosmia is seen, studied, and managed in patients. Anosmia occurs both in the acute disease and in the post-covid long haul syndrome (PCLHS). Let’s review the pathophysiology and the current status of the anosmia.
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References
May 11th 2020
Prevalence and Duration of Acute Loss of Smell or Taste in COVID-19 Patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7211515/
June 17th 2020
Anosmia in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Significance
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7449368/
June 27th 2020
Into the looking glass: Post-viral syndrome post COVID-19
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7320866/
July 24th 2020
Harvard article about the olfactory epithelial infection causing anosmia (instead of the olfactory neurons.) I had presented this study in a video.
https://hms.harvard.edu/news/how-covid-19-causes-loss-smell
July 31st 2020
Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/31/eabc5801
August 15th 2020
Effects of Ivermectin-azithromycin-cholecalciferol combined therapy on COVID-19 infected patients: A proof of concept study.
https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/effects-of-ivermectinazithromycincholecalciferol-combined-therapy-on-covid19-infected-patients-a-proof-of-concept-study.pdf
Sept 11th 2020
Anosmia in COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Assessment of an Olfactory Route to Brain Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488171/
Nov 9th 2020
COVID-19 treatments and pathogenesis including anosmia in K18-hACE2 mice
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2943-z
March 23rd 2021
Smell and taste disorders in COVID-19: From pathogenesis to clinical features and outcomes
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394021000720?via%3Dihub
April 25th 2021
Pathophysiological relationship between COVID-19 and olfactory dysfunction: A systematic review
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1808869421000732
Further reading
Type of anosmia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4982703/
Olfactory bulb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_bulb
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTQk5BM0L2w