Genomic History of the Eurasian Stepps after the Bronze Age
or thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. The genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were of diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth–fifth century ad, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.
What is the population history of India? Did it follow the same path as Europe byte the arrival of first peoples bringing farming with them and later migrants from the steppe? Ancient DNA may provide a picture of origin of both the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-European India.
doi:10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia
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With the Neolithic revolution in Europe, the population changed dramatically with immigration from Anatolia, today's Turkey. This population change did hoever not reach all corners of the continent. In the Baltic's and East the aboriginals native European hunter gatherer ancestry remained predominant.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060 The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers
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Ancient DNA from early anatomically modern humans. Which are the oldest sequenced modern humans? How old are they? How do they relate to archaic humans like Neanderthals and Denisovans? How do they relate to each other?
doi:10.1038/nature13810 Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.030 40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia
doi:10.1038/nature14558 An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor
doi:10.1126/science.aaa0114 Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years.
doi:10.1038/nature17993 The genetic history of Ice Age Europe
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Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection in modern humans directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. There has been natural selection among humans for diet, pigmentation and immunity, as well as for complex traits like height.
doi:10.1038/nature16152 Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
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North Africa is a key region for understanding human history, but the genetic history of its people is largely unknown. In this Ancient DNA review we look on two papers on the Genomic History of the Maghreb. The papers tell a story of the population of Morocco. It turns out that Later Stone Age individuals are a mixture of Natufian-related and sub-Saharan African– related ancestries (2/3 and 1/3, respectively). In contrast to Europe the first stage of the Neolithic expansion in Morocco was not driven by migration but was a result of that the local population adopted some technological innovations, such as pottery production or farming, from neighboring areas. But in the late Neolithic there are migration from Iberian-Europe to the Maghreb.
Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe
Fregel, R. et al. 2018
doi:10.1073/pnas.1800851115
Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Easternand sub-Saharan African human populations
van de Loosdrecht, M. et al 2018
doi:10.1126/science.aar8380
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What are haplogroups? What is mtDNA (mitochondrial) and Y-DNA, and how does it relate to your maternal and paternal ancestry? Can haplogroups be used to understand deep history ancestral migrations? How does the human mitochondrial DNA clock work and how does it relate to mitochondrial Eve, Y-chromosomal Adam? This video digs into these topics!
Links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=990052wQywM&t=2840s
Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037
A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.044
The genetic variation in the R1a clade among the Ashkenazi Levites’ Y chromosome doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14761-7
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In the video review we will look in to two questions;
The First; Besides the archaic hominins Neanderthals and Denisovans do we have indications of additional Unknown archaic humanoids that intermingled with them or anatomically modern human?
The Second; It is known that all humans out of Africa carry Neanderthal DNA, but did it go the other way as well, do some of the sequenced Neanderthals carry anatomically modern human DNA?
Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia
doi:10.1038/nature12886
Prüfer, K. et al. 2014
Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals
Kuhlwilm, M. et al. 2016
doi:10.1038/nature16544
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Inuits have long been thought to have a significant contribution of east Asian DNA than other Native Americans. The origin of the Palaeo-Eskimo cultures, and their relationship to present-day Inuit, has been debated since they were first discovered. Competing theories have attributed the origins to offshoots of the populations that gave rise to Native American populations such as the Na-Dene, alternatively from the same source as the Inuits, or from still other sources entering the New World even later than both the Native American and Inuit ancestors. Ancient DNA studies answers these questions.
Populating the Americas https://youtu.be/0wEFyi1yS3Y
doi:10.1038/nature08835 Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1251-y Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America
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Cattle, sheep, and goats appeared in eastern Africa 5000 years ago, catalyzing the spread of herding throughout sub-Saharan Africa. In the parer reviewed AncientDNA, togehter with archaeological, linguistic, and genetic evidence is used to explore how pastoralism developed with in this region, establishing the roots of one of Africa’s dominant economic strategies.
Ancient DNA reveals a multi step spread of the first herders into sub-SaharanAfrica
doi:/10.1126/science.aaw6275
Prendergast, M. E. et al. 2019
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