Understanding of Atmospheric Systems with Efficient Numerical Methods for Observation and Prediction Online Course https://giladjames.com Section: Tropical Cyclone Center Determination Algorithm by Texture and Gradient of Infrared Satellite Image Lesson: Experimental group of eye TC center location Introduction Tropical cyclone (TC) is one of the most serious natural disasters in the world. Satellite remote sensing technology can not only observe the whole situation but also the structural characteristics and center information of a TC. It is the current main method of the TC center location. Dvorak technique (DT) is widely used to TC center location. DT, which was proposed by in the 1970s was the most important method for TC analysis in the world. Nowadays, based on the DT, advanced Dvorak technologies were developed to determine the TC center location. Li et al. put forward a new artificial intelligence algorithm for the eye TC center location. First, the image segmentation technique was used to extract the TC cloud features. And then, the mathematic morphology opening operation and the filling operation are used to obtain the contour of the TC eye. The gravity calculation method is applied to locate the TC center. Comparing the data to the Central Meteorological Observatory of China, the experimental results show that the deviation is smaller. Li et al. proposed an improved genetic algorithm to determine the TC center location. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that this method is reasonable and effective. Yang et al. combined pattern matching with the vector field analysis to determine the TC center position. The proposed method is very efficient for the TCs, which have clear spiral structure. Fan et al. used 85 GHz vertical polarization channels in specail sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) for TC center location. According to the distributed characteristics of brightness and temperature, the TC of its band is analyzed and classified. The average gap of the best route in the test results of TC is smaller. Wei et al. presented a novel spiral band model to automatically locate the TC center. And particle swarm optimization was used to optimize the model parameters. Experimental results show that this model can achieve the best average error in both latitude and longitude in comparison with the best track data. Zhang et al. proposed a novel intelligent automatic system framework, which was based on the image process technology to locate the TC center. According to the symmetry shape and spiral movement feature of TC, a rotation matching methodology is used to catch the track of TC. Compared with the data of Shanghai Meteorology Center, experimental results show that this system is efficient and the performance errors are acceptable for practical applications. Zheng et al. established the TC forecast service production system based on geographic information system (GIS) technology and realized the function construction. It had met the requirements of the TC center forecast service production in the Central Meteorological Observatory. Recently, some researchers used deviation angle variance and pattern matching algorithm for TC center detection. Although there are some advantages in the above methods, some defects are existing. The subjectivity of DT is stronger, and the degree of automation is limited. The location effect for the smaller intensity cyclone is poorer. The method based on mathematical morphology is suitable for tropical cyclone whose morphology characteristic can be identified easily. If it is applied to the weak or atypical morphology cyclone, a big deviation will be resulted. Intelligent learning method requires a lot of experimental data and experience accumulation. It is suitable for recognizing the particular structures. Wind field analysis method is applicable to locate the tropical cyclone center, which is weak and whose circulation center is not clear. When the intensity level of tropical cyclone is higher, the center location is not accurate because it is easily affected by the resolution and heavy rain. The temperature/humidity structure retrieval method is also only applied to locate the tropical cyclone center whose intensity is strong. The tempo-spatial movement mat #understanding #of #atmospheric #systems #with #efficient #numerical #methods #for #observation #and #prediction ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y562NWuexHU

New Insights into the Stratigraphic Setting of Paleozoic to Miocene Deposits Online Course https://giladjames.com Section: Introductory Chapter: An Introduction to the Stratigraphic Setting of Paleozoic to Miocene Deposits Based on Paleoecology, Facies Analysis, Chemostratigraphy, and Chronostratigraphy - Concepts and Meanings Lesson: Chronostratigraphy New Insights into the Stratigraphic Setting of Paleozoic to Miocene Deposits. This course is brought to you by Gilad James Mystery School. Learn more at Gilad James.com. Introduction This is the introductory lecture of the course “New insights into the stratigraphic setting of Paleozoic to Miocene deposits: case studies from the Persian Gulf, Peninsular Malaysia and south-eastern Pyrenees.” In this lecture, the research themes studied in this course have been introduced referring to the paleoecological and facies analysis techniques and methodologies, pertaining, in particular, an Oligo-Miocene carbonate succession of the Persian Gulf (Asmari Formation), the chemostratigraphy of Paleozoic carbonates of Peninsular Malaysia through the integration of stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and geochemical data, and the chronostratigraphy of a small ice-dammed paleolake in Andorra, applying the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analysis, resulting in sixth-order stratigraphic cycles, which have outlined the occurrence of glacially controlled system tracts and unconformities. The topic of the Asmari Formation and its depositional environments has been deeply studied. Referring to its biostratigraphy, it was earlier outlined in the 1960s based on unpublished reports. The application of isotopic stratigraphy has later proved that the sediments ascribed to the Miocene “Aquitanian” are, in fact, Late Oligocene, Chattian in age. This was proved by the application of Sr-isotope stratigraphy to cored sections from 10 Iranian oil fields and 14 outcrop sections, within the framework of a high resolution sequence stratigraphy study down to fourth order cycles. The Chattian/Aquitanian boundary is marked by a major faunal turnover, with the general extinction of Archaias speciesand Miogypsinoides complanatus. The age interpretation of the early, unpublished zonations has needed a deep revision and the establishment of an updated biozonation. The new zonation and the stratigraphic ranges of selected key species have been presented by Laursen et al., 2009 . The isotopic stratigraphy based on strontium has constrained the stratigraphic setting of the Asmari Formation. This formation, consisting of approximately 400 m of cyclic platform limestones and dolostones, with subordinate intervals of sandstones and shales, has been studied in the subsurface at several oil fields and in an outcrop section. The methods of Sr-isotope stratigraphy is suitable for dating these strata because of the fast rate of marine strontium ratio during the depositional processes (roughly 32–18 My). The profiles of age against depth in the four areas have shown a decrease from higher accumulation rates in the lower Asmari to lower rates in the middle-upper part of the formation. These changes reflect the dynamics of platform progradation, from early deposition along relatively high accommodation margin to slope settings and then, to conditions of lower accommodation on the shelf top. The ages of the sequence boundaries have been estimated from the age-depth profiles at each locality, providing a framework for stratigraphic correlation. The depositional sequences have an average duration of 1–3 My, whereas the component cycles represent average time intervals of 100–300 ky. On the other side, the Kinta limestones have been matter of previous studies, mainly referring to the depositional environments. In the Kinta valley, they are composed of medium-to-dark gray, fine-grained, thinly bedded limestones, with preserved bedding planes and slump depositional features. The faunal content is quite scarce, except that some conodont faunas, while a high organic content is suggested from the dark color of the deposits. The sedimentological and facies analysis has suggested the occurrence of low energy, slope environment hosting the deposition of the Kinta limestones. The high organic content coupled with the lacking of benthic fauna has indicated a low-oxygen setting. On the #new #insights #into #the #stratigraphic #setting #of #paleozoic #to #miocene #deposits ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPFXmz2FjcA