DO NOT TIP. This is an unofficial YouTube mirror of CoolWorldsLab (https://youtu.be/5bvuwTuGnkc). If you want to tip CoolWorldsLab please visit https://www.coolworldslab.com/support. Convince CoolWorldsLab to join Odysee! ----------------------------- At the beginning of 2020, the world held its collective breath as a nearby behemoth star, called Betelgeuse, start to dramatically fade. Could this mean the star is about to go supernova? With the recent flutter of news activity settling down, we are now finally starting to understand what might have really happened. Today, we take a deep dive into what makes massive stars like this tick, and then get into how we might have now finally come up with answers to this bizarre event. An educational video written and presented by Prof. David Kipping. You can now support our research and the Cool Worlds Lab at Columbia University: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support Chapters 0:00 Teaser 0:53 Massive Stars 7:07 Dying Massive Stars 12:47 Dimming 2020 17:36 Explaining the Dimming References ► Fuller, J. & Ro, S., 2018, "Pre-supernova outbursts via wave heating in massive stars - II. Hydrogen-poor stars", MNRAS 476, 1853: https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.04251 ► Dimming plots come from @betelbot (https://twitter.com/betelbot) Twitter account run by Michael Hippke, which collates AAVSO data. ► Gerhz, R. et al., 2020, "Betelgeuse remains steadfast in the infrared", Astronomer's Telegram #13518: http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=13518 ► Sukhbold, T. & Adams, A., 2019, "Missing Red Supergiants and Carbon Burning", MNRAS 492, 2578: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.00474 ► Dolan, M. et al. 2020, "Evolutionary tracks for Betelgeuse", ApJ 819, 7: https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.3143 ► Adams, S. et al., 2017, "The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: confirmation of a disappearing star", MNRAS 468, 4968: https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.01283 ► Levesque, E. & Massey, P., 2020, "Betelgeuse Just Isn't That Cool: Effective Temperature Alone Cannot Explain the Recent Dimming of Betelgeuse", arXiv preprint: https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.10463 Videos used: ► Simulation of forming protostars by Matthew Bate, The UK Astrophysics Fluid Facility, University of Leicester: https://www.ukaff.ac.uk/starcluster/ ► Planet formation animation by Zhaohuan Zhu, Princeton: https://youtu.be/yXq1i3HlumA ► Animation of a white dwarf by VideoFromSpace: https://youtu.be/_T_YmtkHRtc ► Core collapse supernova animation by Kuo-Chuan Pan: https://youtu.be/6r7YUj42SJ0 ► Animation of the Sun becoming a giant, credit ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen): https://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1919c/ ► Animation of a giant star, credit ESO/M. Kornmesser https://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1840e/ ► Supernova animation, credit NASA/CXC/A.Hobart: https://youtu.be/wymMn-SmALY ► Neutron star collapsing animation, credit NASA/CXC/A.Hobart: https://youtu.be/wymMn-SmALY ► Sunspsot rotating into view video by NASA/SDO: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12292#87449 ► Hot iron video by Aaron Walsh, "Iron Born - An Artist Blacksmith": https://youtu.be/crpZRaUmMjE ► KDIST grabulation video courtesy of NSO/NSF/AURA: https://www.nso.edu/telescopes/dkist/first-light-cropped-field-movie/ ► Betelgeuse convection animations by Bernd Freytag: https://www.astro.uu.se/~bf/movie/dst35gm04n26/movie.html ► Betelgeuse convection animation downgrade by Brendan Drachler (@BrendanDrachler): https://twitter.com/BrendanDrachler/status/1229423234371723264?s=20 ► Coronal mass ejection video from NASA/SDO: https://youtu.be/8H7ZQ3hqj4c ► "What will it look like when Betelgeuse Goes Supernova" by V101 Science: https://youtu.be/hJPVuSNFxlY ► ESO dome supernova animation 2 and 3: https://supernova.eso.org/news/videos/SE-SN-2/ and https://supernova.eso.org/news/videos/SE-SN-3/ ► Sun forming animation by Bob Stanford: https://youtu.be/8Rg9v3J0IiU Images used: ► Interferometric images by NASA/ESO/M. Montarges et al. ► HD 12545 images by K.Strassmeier, Vienna, NOAO/AURA/NSF: https://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0570.html ► Betelgeuse dust wave/bow shocock image courtesy of ESA/Herschel/PACS/L. Decin: http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Betelgeuse_braces_for_a_collision ► Thumbnail image is an artist's impression of NGC 1068, credit to NRAO/AUI/NSF, D. Berry/Skyworks: https://public.nrao.edu/news/2016-smbh-exhaust/ TV/Movie clips used: ► Sunshine (2007) Fox Searchlight Pictures ► How the Universe Works (2018) Pioneer Productions All music used is licensed by SoundStripe.com/Creative Commons: ► Cylinder Seven, Cylinder Five & Cylinder Two (http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/) by Chris Zabriskie; licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ► "Waking Up" by Atlas, licensed through SoundStripe.com: https://app.soundstripe.com/songs/3984 ► Music from Neptune Flux, "Stories About the World That Once Was" by Chris Zabriskie (http://chriszabriskie.com/neptuneflux/); licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license ► "Selha" by Stephen Keech, licensed through SoundStripe.com: https://app.soundstripe.com/songs/7102 SUBSCRIBE: http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsSubscribe #Betelgeuse #BetelgeuseExplained #CoolWorlds

DO NOT TIP. This is an unofficial YouTube mirror of CoolWorldsLab (https://youtu.be/rtFy48i88A8). If you want to tip CoolWorldsLab please visit https://www.coolworldslab.com/support. Convince CoolWorldsLab to join Odysee! ----------------------------- Does life's early emergence mean life starts easily? Growing evidence shows that life got started very quickly (within ~100 million years) after conditions became suitable for life on Earth (~3.7 billion years ago). This is often taken as evidence that life starts easily, but is this really true? Prof Kipping explains why things aren't as simple as they seem. ::More about this Video:: ► Nutman et al. 2016, "Rapid emergence of life shown by discovery of 3,700-million-year-old microbial structures": http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19355.html ► Allwood 2016, "Geology: Evidence of Life in Earth's Oldest Rocks": http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19429.html ► Outro music by Taylor Davis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dl9kI1yQKZk ::Playlists For Channel:: Latest Cool Worlds Videos ► http://bit.ly/NewCoolWorlds Cool Worlds Research ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsResearch Guest Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsGuests Q&A Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsQA Science of TV/Film ► http://bit.ly/ScienceMovies ::Follow us:: SUBSCRIBE to the channel http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsSubscribe Cool Worlds Lab http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.edu Twitter https://twitter.com/david_kipping Instagram https://www.instagram.com/cool.worlds THANKS FOR WATCHING!!

DO NOT TIP. This is an unofficial YouTube mirror of CoolWorldsLab (https://youtu.be/LrrNu_m_9K4). If you want to tip CoolWorldsLab please visit https://www.coolworldslab.com/support. Convince CoolWorldsLab to join Odysee! ----------------------------- Are alien civilizations likely to be younger or older than us in age? A basic question that seems insurmountable until we start detecting them. But even before that, we can use some logical deduction using lifetime distribution statistics to determine the most plausible answer to this question. Join us today for an explanation of our new research paper on this topic. You can now support our research program and the Cool Worlds Lab at Columbia University: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support Get Stash here! https://teespring.com/stores/cool-worlds-store Thank-you to Kevin Clark, Tom Widdowson, Denny Smith, Stephanie Hackley, Mark Sloan, Laura Sanborn, Kolos Kantor, Patrick Herman, Abel Aganbegyan, Claudio Bottaccini, Daniel Brunk, Douglas Daughaday, Scott Fincher, James Kindred, Andrew Jones, Jason Allen, Steven Baldwin, Jason Black, Stuart Brownlee, Shivam Chaturvedi, David Denholm, Tim Dorais, Glen Downton, Eneko Xabier, Elizondo Urrestarazu, Gordon Fulton, Sean Griffiths, Peter Halloran, John Jurcevic, Niklas Kildal, Jack Kobernick, Wes Kobernick, Valeri Kremer, Marc Lijoi, Sheri Loftin, Branden Loizides, Anatoliy Maslyanchuk, Blair Matson, Ocean Mcintyre, Laini Mitchell, Jeffrey Needle, André Pelletier, Juan Rivillas, Bret Robinson, Zenith Star, Lauren Steely, Ernest Stefan-Matyus, Mark Steven, Elena West, Barrett York, Tristan Zajonc, Preetumsingh Gowd, Shaun Kelsey, Chuck Wolfred, David Vennel, Emre Dessoi, Fahid Naeem, Francisco Rebolledo, Hauke Laging, James Falls, Jon Adams, Michael Gremillion, Pierce Rutherford, Trev Kline, Tristan Leger, Lasse Skov, Takashi Hanai, Drew Roberts, Erynn Wilson, Ian Baskerville, Jacob Bassnett, John Shackleford, Marcus Undin, Martin Kroebel, Ian Johnstone, Geoff Suter, Ian Hopcraft, James Valdes, Phil Akrill-Misso, William Robertson, Elizabeth Orman & Giles Ingham. Video on planet cloaking: https://youtu.be/z1Pqqf_6J9w ::References used:: ► Kipping, Frank & Scharf, 2020, "Contact Inequality -- First Contact Will Likely Be With An Older Civilization", International Journal of Astrobiology: https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.12358 ► Benton, M. J., 1993, “The Fossil Record”, Vol 2 (Chapman & Hall, London, 1993) ► Civilization lifetimes figure from BBC Future/Nigel Hawtin: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190218-the-lifespans-of-ancient-civilisations-compared ► Olson et al., 2014, "Survival Probabilities of Adult Mongolian Gazelles", Journal of Wildlife Management, 78, 1: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.640 ► Battery lifetime figure from BatteryUniversity.com: https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/bu_1003a_battery_aging_in_an_electric_vehicle_ev ::Movies clips used:: ► Master & Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) 20th Century Fox ► Noah (2014) Paramount Pictures ► Avatar (2009) 20th Century Fox ► Contact (1997) Warnos Bros. Pictures ► GI Joe Retaliation (2013) Paramount Pictures ► Terminator 3 (2003) Warners Bros. Pictures ► The House (2017) Warners Bros. Pictures ► X2 (2003) 20th Century Fox ► The Pursuit of Happyness (2006) Sony Pictures Releasing ► Into The Wild (2007) Paramount Vantage ► 300 (2006) Warner Bros. Pictures ► Cleopatra (1963) 20th Century Fox ► Gladiator (2000) Dreamworks Pictures ::TV clips used:: ► Andrew Marr's History of the World - BBC ► Star Trek the Next Generation - Paramount Television ::Other video footage used:: ► See https://bit.ly/34MwkyX ::Music:: Music used is licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], or via Creative Commons (CC) Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), or with permission from the artist. ► "Shade Upon Thy Right Hand" by Hill, used with permission from the artist: https://hillmusic.bandcamp.com/album/shade-upon-thy-right-hand ► "Fable" by Stephen Keech licensed via SS ► "Cylinder Five" by Chris Zabriskie licensed under a CC Attribution license: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ ► "Painted Deserts" by Shimmer licensed via SS ► "It's Always Darkest Before the Dawn" by Hill licensed via SS ► "Cylinder Four" by Chris Zabriskie licensed under a CC Attribution license: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ ► "We Were Never Meant to Live Here" by Chris Zabriskie licensed under a CC Attribution license: http://chriszabriskie.com/neptuneflux/ ► "Fragmented" by Hill, used with permission from the artist: https://hillmusic.bandcamp.com/album/shade-upon-thy-right-hand ► "Stories About the World That Once Was" by Chris Zabriskie licensed under a CC Attribution license: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ ► "Waking Up" by Atlas licensed via SS ► "Ticking" by Alternative Endings licensed via SS ► "Trace Correction" by Indive licensed under a CC Attribution license: https://indive.bandcamp.com 0:00 Prologue 1:22 Technological Lockstep 6:57 Distribution of Civilization Lifetimes 19:17 Bayes vs The Cosmos 23:39 Temporal Bias 32:20 Credits #CivilizationLongevity #AncientAliens #CoolWorlds

DO NOT TIP. This is an unofficial YouTube mirror of CoolWorldsLab (https://youtu.be/vlcc2MdYaik). If you want to tip CoolWorldsLab please visit https://www.coolworldslab.com/support. Convince CoolWorldsLab to join Odysee! ----------------------------- Prof Kipping is the principal investigator of a project which has been searching for exomoons over recent years and in our latest research paper we've find exciting evidence that the exoplanet Kepler-1625b appears to host a Neptune-sized moon. The embargo on our paper in Science Advances has just lifted and we wanted to give our viewers a Cool Worlds exclusive! In one two videos we've shot, David explains some of the history of our project, how we came to observe this planet and the properties and potential reality of our exomoon candidate. ► Companion Video by Alex Teachey: https://youtu.be/eGjgD27Dtpc ► "Did we find an exomoon?" earlier video on Kepler-1625: https://youtu.be/8V9QHn5oHMs ► "An Update on our Exomoon Candidate" earlier video: https://youtu.be/vDXJAtLLiyw == Referenced papers == ► Teachey, A. & Kipping, D., 2018, "Evidence for an Exomoon Orbiting Kepler-1625b", Science Advances ► Teachey, A., Kipping, D. & Schmitt, A., 2018, "HEK. VI. On the Dearth of Galilean Analogs in Kepler, and the Exomoon Candidate Kepler-1625b I", Astronomical Journal, 155, 36: https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.08563 ► Nesvorný, D., Kipping, D., Buchhave, L., Bakos, G. Á., Hartman, J. & Schmitt, A., 2012, "Discovery and Characterization of a Non-Transiting Planet Through Transit Timing Variations", Science, 336, 1133: http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1208.0942 ► Wakeford, H. R., Sing, D. K., Evans, T., Deming, D., Mandell, A., 2016, "Marginalizing Instrument Systematics in HST WFC3 Transit Light Curves", ApJ, 819, 10 ► Cilibrasi, M. et al., 2018, "Satellites Form Fast & Late: a Population Synthesis for the Galilean Moons", MNRAS, 480, 4355: https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.06094 == Previous HEK papers == ► Kipping, D., Schmitt, A., Huang, X., Torres, G., Nesvorný, D., Buchhave, L., Hartman, J. & Bakos, G., 2015, "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): V. A Survey of 41 Planetary Candidates for Exomoons", ApJ, 813, 14: http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.05555 ► Kipping, D., Huang, X., Nesvorny, D., Torres, G., Buchhave, L., Bakos, G. & Schmitt, A., 2014, "The Possible Moon of Kepler-90g is a False Positive", ApJL, 799, L14: http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.7028 ► Kipping, D., Nesvorný, D., Buchhave, L. A., Hartman, J., Bakos, G. Á. & Schmitt, A. R., 2014, "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): IV. A Search for Moons around M-Dwarfs", ApJ, 784, 28: http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.1210 ► Kipping, D., Forgan, D., Hartman, J., Nesvorny, D., Bakos, G. Á., Schmitt, A., Buchhave, L. A., 2013, "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): III. The First Search for an Exomoon around a Habitable-Zone Planet", ApJ, 777, 134: http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.1530 ► Kipping, D., Hartman, J., Buchhave, L., Schmitt, A., Bakos, G. Á. & Nesvorný, D., 2013, "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): II. Analysis of Seven Viable Satellite-Hosting Planet Candidates", ApJ, 770, 101: http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1301.1853 ► Kipping, D., Bakos, G. Á., Buchhave, L., Nesvorný, D. & Schmitt, A., 2012, "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): I. Description of a New Observational Project", ApJ, 750, 115: http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1201.0752 == Exomoon detection papers upon which our method is based == ► Kipping, D., 2011, "LUNA: an algorithm for generating dynamic planet-moon transits", MNRAS, 416, 689: http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1105.3499 ► Kipping, D., 2010, "How to weigh a star using a moon", MNRAS, 409, L119: http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1010.2492 ► Kipping, D., Fossey, S. & Campanella, G. 2009, "On the detectability of habitable exomoons with Kepler-class photometry", MNRAS, 400, 398: http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/0907.3909 ► Kipping, D., 2009, "Transit timing effects due to an exomoon II", MNRAS, 396, 1797: http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1105.3499 ► Kipping, D., 2009, "Transit timing effects due to an exomoon", MNRAS, 392, 181: http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/0810.2243 == Other links == ► Sunspot video from Göran Scharmer, Vasco Henriques, Dan Kiselman, Jaime de la Cruz Rodríguez: https://youtu.be/yvX0CIIkN1c ► Transiting planet animation from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, ESA/Hubble, Dan Gallagher, Michael Lentz, Chris Smith, Scott Wiessinger, Dan Gallagher, Avi Mandell: https://youtu.be/vLh9KWns9gE ► Transmission spectroscopy animation courtesy of exoclimes - https://youtu.be/FUo4N1M1Tag ► Background music by 1) Atlas "Waking Up" 2) Outside the Sky "Hidden Forest" 3) Falls "Runner" 4) Ryan Stubbs "Through Reborn Eyes - Unfiltered". 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