Economics In One Lesson by Henry Hazlitt https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.350603/page/n13/mode/2up "The art of economics consists in looking not merely at the immediate but at the longer effects of any act or policy; it consists in tracing the consequences of that policy not merely for one group but for all groups." --Henry Hazlitt Divide and conquer. I. Jonathan Browning 1. About: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Browning_(inventor) 2. In "Life Lessons from a Pioneer Gunsmith Ancestor," Jonathan Stock hints at how John Browning benefited from it: "When Jonathan was only 13, he took a job as a farm hand. Noticing a broken rifle hanging in his employer's barn, he proposed taking the broken rifle as payment for his labor. The farmer happily exchanged the worthless rifle as payment for Jonathan’s work. "Jonathan took the rifle to a local blacksmith who confirmed the gun was beyond repair. Undeterred, Jonathan tinkered on the old rifle until he found a fix. Upon showing the fixed rifle to the previous owner, the farmer offered him $4 to buy it back. While that was a nice profit in those days, Jonathan’s discovery of his mechanical talent would be immeasurable. It would shape the rest of his life and in fact, influence the course of history. His discovery would lead to a transformation in the firearm industry, impacting law enforcement and militaries around the world for the next 200 years." See: https://medium.com/coding-in-the-cloud/life-lessons-from-a-pioneer-gunsmith-ancestor-557b77c8a02d I read more detial in a biography about Browning, but I forgot the author. II. Hannibal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal III. Scipio https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus Books and scholars discuss the careers of Hannibal and Scipio. More detail there. I think one place I learned about them was run the book Hannibal and Me by Andreas Kluth. https://www.amazon.com/Hannibal-Me-Historys-Greatest-Strategist/dp/159448659X Also related. I. Sun Tzu 1. bio: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tzu 2. his book The Art of War: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War II. Engineering It is discussed in the book Substructuring in Engineering Dynamics Emerging Numerical and Experimental Techniques by Matthew S. Allen, Daniel Rixen, Maarten van der Seis, Paolo Tiso,. Thomas Abrahamsson, and Randall L. Mayes. An excerpt from chpater 1: "Abstract. '"Divide and Conquer' is a paradigm that helped Julius Cesar to dominate on the wide Roman Empire. The power of dividing systems, then analyze them as parts before combining them in an assembly, is also an approach often followed in science and engineering. In this introductory chapter, we shortly discuss the main idea behind domain decomposition and substructuring applied to mechanical systems. Chapter Author: Daniel Rixen" “1.1 Divide and Conquer Approaches in the History of Engineering Mechanics "The work of engineers consists of understanding systems in order to build new solutions or optimize the existing ones. To analyze systems, it is very common and efficient to decompose them into subcomponents. This reduces the complexity of the overall problem by considering first its parts and can provide very useful insight for optimizing or troubleshooting intricate structures. In this introductory chapter, the general idea of substructuring is discussed and an overview of the topics treated in these lecture notes is given. "One often refers to Schwarz (1890), who proved the existence and uniqueness of the solution of a Poison problem on a domain that was a combination of a square and a circle. By considering the problem as two separate problems on the simple overlapping square and circular domains for which existence and uniqueness of the solution were already known, and devising an iteration strategy between the two domains with guaranteed convergence, he could conclude his very important proof. The algorithm that he devised as a means for his proof is still used today, underlying some very popular solution strategies on multiprocessor computers (see for instance Toselli and Widlund 2006). "But in essence, approximation techniques such as the Rayleigh-Ritz method (Rayleigh 1896; Ritz 1909; Géradin and Rixen 2015), where the solution space is approximated by a reduced number of admissible functions, can also be considered as divide and conquer methods: the solution space is decomposed into functional sub- spaces in which an approximate solution can be found." Michael Gold B.S. Mathematics, B.A. Philosophy MovNat Certified Level 2 Fitness Instructor Texas Teacher Certificate, Secondary Mathematics Gold Academy: https://goldams.com Total Human Fitness: https://total-human-fitness.com LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/michael-gold-2883921/ Education Podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/show/the-reasonrx-podcast

Notes. 1. "Observe what is with undivided awareness." --Bruce Lee Source: https://www.azquotes.com/quote/576629 They credit: Bruce Lee (1975). “Tao of Jeet Kune Do”, Black Belt Communications Incorporated 2. "When we hold to the core, the opposite sides are the same if they are seen from the center of the moving circle. I do not experience; I am experience. I am not the subject of experience; I am that experience. I am awareness. Nothing else can be I or can exist." --Bruce Lee Source: https://www.azquotes.com/quotes/authors.html They credit: Bruce Lee (2015). “Bruce Lee: Artist of Life”, p.39, Tuttle Publishing 3. "Affordance is what the environment offers the individual. American psychologist James J. Gibson coined the term in his 1966 book, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, and it occurs in many of his earlier essays. However, his best-known definition is taken from his seminal 1979 book, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: 'The affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill. The verb to afford is found in the dictionary, the noun affordance is not. I have made it up. I mean by it something that refers to both the environment and the animal in a way that no existing term does. It implies the complementarity of the animal and the environment.' " From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordance 4. "An affordance is an action possibility formed by the relationship between an agent and its environment (J. Gibson 1977; J. Gibson 1979). For any combination of agent or environment, any given affordance either exists or does not exist. There is no middle ground. The most inclusive definition of affordances considers only the physical possibility of an action occurring. An agent does not need to be aware of the afforded action, such as the affordance of opening a secret door. This definition is rooted in perceptual psychology and its primary source is The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception by James J. Gibson (1979)." From: https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1682&context=ese_papers Nye, B. D. & Silverman, B. G. (2012). Affordance. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning (pp. 179-183). New York, NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_369 5. "Apart from using our eyes to see and our ears to hear, we regularly and effortlessly perform a number of complex perceptual operations that cannot be explained in terms of the five senses taken individually. Such operations include, for example, perceiving that the same object is white and sweet, noticing the difference between white and sweet, or knowing that one's own senses are active. Observing that other animals must be able to perform such operations, and being unprepared to ascribe any share in rationality to them, Aristotle explained such operations with reference to a higher-order perceptual capacity which unites and monitors the five senses. This capacity is known as the ‘common sense’ (koine aisthesis, sensus communis)." Source: https://academic.oup.com/book/12823 Gregoric, Pavel, Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford Aristotle Studies Series (Oxford, 2007; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Sept. 2007) https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277377.001.0001, 6. " 'Common sense' has at least two specific philosophical meanings. One is as a capability of the animal soul (ψῡχή, psūkhḗ) proposed by Aristotle to explain how the different senses join together and enable discrimination of particular objects by people and other animals. This common sense is distinct from basic sensory perception and from human rational thought, but cooperates with both." From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sense 7. "Finally, a Jeet Kune Do man who says Jeet Kune Do is exclusively Jeet Kune Do is simply not with it. He is still hung up on his self-closing resistance, in this case anchored down to reactionary pattern, and naturally is still bound by another modified pattern and can move within its limits. He has not digested the simple fact that truth exists outside all molds; pattern and awareness is never exclusive. Again let me remind you Jeet Kune Do is just a name used, a boat to get one across, and once across it is to be discarded and not to be carried on one's back." --Bruce Lee Source: https://www.azquotes.com/quote/1073934

Notes. 1. "There is no human experience that can be termed true science unless it can be mathematically demonstrated. And if thou sayest that the sciences which begin and end in the mind are true, this cannot be conceded, but must be denied for many reasons, and firstly because in such mental discourses experience is eliminated, and without experience there can be no certainty.” —Leonardo Da Vinci, Thoughts on Art and Life Source: http://www.notable-quotes.com/v/vinci_leonardo_da_ii.html I disagree strongly with the first sentence (it is true of some sciences, but not all), but agree whole-mindedly with the rest. 2. "In order to avoid the infinite regress alluded to earlier, where basic statements themselves must be tested in order to justify their status as potential falsifiers, Popper appeals to the role played by convention and what he calls the “relativity of basic statements.” He writes as follows: 'Every test of a theory, whether resulting in its collaboration or falsification, must stop at some basic statement or other which we decide to accept. If we do not come to any decision, and do not accept some basic statement or other, then the test will have led nowhere… This procedure has no natural end. Thus if the test is to lead us anywhere, nothing remains but to stop at some point or other and say that we are satisfied, for the time being.’ (1959, p. 86) From this, Popper concludes that a given statement’s counting as a basic statement requires the consensus of the relevant scientific community—if the community decides to accept it, it will count as a basic statement; if the community does not accept it as basic, then an effort must be made to test the statement by using it together with other statements to deduce a statement that the relevant community will accept as basic. Finally, if the scientific community cannot reach a consensus on what would count as a falsifier for the disputed statement, the statement itself, despite initial appearances, may not actually be empirical or scientific in the relevant sense.” From: https://iep.utm.edu/pop-sci/ 3. "Where testing ends, he argues, is in a convention-based decision to accept a basic statement or statements; it is at that point that convention and intersubjective human agreement play an indispensable role in science: 'Every test of a theory, whether resulting in its corroboration or falsification, must stop at some basic statement or other which we decide to accept. If we do not come to any decision, and do not accept some basic statement or other, then the test will have led nowhere.' (2002: 86) However, Popper contends that while such a decision is usually causally related to perceptual experience, it is not and cannot be justified by such experience; basic statements are experientially underdetermined. 'Experiences can motivate a decision, and hence an acceptance or a rejection of a statement, but a basic statement cannot be justified by them—no more than by thumping the table’ (2002: 87–88) Statements can be justified only by other statements, and therefore testing comes to an end, not in the establishment of a correlation between propositional content and observable reality, as empiricism would hold, but by means of the conventional, inter-subjective acceptance of the truth of certain basic statements by the research community." From: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper/ 4. . "I should even think that in making the celestial material alterable, I contradict the doctrine of Aristotle much less than do those people who still want to keep the sky inalterable; for I am sure that he never took its inalterability to be as certain as the fact that all human reasoning must be placed second to direct experience.” From the Second Letter of Galileo Galilei to Mark Welser on Sunspots, p. 118 of Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, translated by Stillman Drake, (c) 1957 by Stillman Drake, published by Doubleday Anchor Books, Doubleday & Co., Garden City, New York 5. Newton's "Rules of Reasoning in [Natural] Philosophy" "Rule 1: We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances. Rule 2: Therefore to the same natural effects we must, as far as possible, assign the same causes. Rule 3: The qualities of bodies, which admit neither intensification nor remission of degrees, and which are found to belong to all bodies within the reach of our experiments, are to be esteemed the universal qualities of all bodies whatsoever. Rule 4: In experimental philosophy we are to look upon propositions inferred by general induction from phenomena as accurately or very nearly true, not withstanding any contrary hypothesis that may be imagined, till such time as other phenomena occur, by which they may either be made more accurate, or liable to exceptions."